Environmental Impacts of Agro-Industrial Development PDF

Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts ChE 180 PART I – Chapter 3 Environmental Impacts of Agro- Industrial Development March 1, 2023...

Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts ChE 180 PART I – Chapter 3 Environmental Impacts of Agro- Industrial Development March 1, 2023 Asst. Prof. Jenna Riscy Manio, MSc Faculty-in-Charge Do not redistribute  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Objectives After this chapter, the student should be able to classify the sources of pollution and their implications on waste management. The specific learning outcomes shall be the following: 1. Define environmental quality and identify standards for its assessment; 2. Discuss the impacts of pollutants on water and air quality; and 3. Identify the repercussions of agro-industrial pollution on the environment and human health Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 2  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Chapter 3. Environmental Impacts of Agro-Industrial Development A. Pollution generation and sources B. Fate and transport of pollutants in the environment C. Environmental Quality D. Environmental burdens from the agro-industries 1. Direct effects on the physical environment 2. Health and social concerns Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 3 Pollution Generation and Sources PART I - Chapter 3 | © MCMD, MCDB, RCPE, MVOL & JRAM 4  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Recall: Waste Generation and Sources Wastes are any unwanted materials discarded from industrial processes Pollutants are components in wastes that may render the receiving environment unfit for its beneficial purpose Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 5  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources One aspect of waste characterization is quantifying how much waste is generated The nature of waste generation is identified by a thorough assessment of an industrial facility This provides a more specific and rational identification of the NONPOINT POINT SOURCE SOURCE various waste streams including their generation rates Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 6  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Point source pollution Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged such as from pipes Sources may include agriculture, domestic, industries, transport, etc. Non-Point source pollution Pollution coming from dispersion of pollutants in the environment, i.e., runoffs Surface runoff of excess fertilizers, acid rain, noise and urban runoff Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 7  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Wastes produced from various point sources CLASSIFICATION SOURCE Solid Liquid Gaseous Fertilizer emission Excess fertilizer AGRICULTURAL Crop residues Volatile organics Chemical PRODUCTION Animal wastes from degradation of pesticides animal wastes Combustion gases AGRO- Industrial effluent Process residues Industrial INDUSTRIES Spent waters emissions Septic tank effluent MUNICIPAL Mixed garbage and domestic Smoke and odor washings Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 8  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Spent or used water from home, WASTEWATER community, farm, or industry that contains components considered as environmental pollutants Fouled water from municipal and domestic sources contain 99.94% water by weight while the remaining 0.06% comprise of dissolved and suspended material (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003) Industrial wastewaters relatively contain higher concentrations of pollutants and often vary depending © World Economic Forum on the industrial source and process Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 9  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources EMISSION any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere AIR POLLUTANT Any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam, and radioactive substances Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 10  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS 1. They are very common; and 2. They can do great harm The US EPA has identified six pollutants of concern: ozone nitrogen dioxide particulate carbon matter monoxide sulfur dioxide lead Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 11  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Parameter Description NOx Causes the reddish brown haze in air contributing to heart and lung problems. Particulate Cause diverse respiratory health effects. Matter Contribute to urban haze and visibility reduction. Often inhaled from particulate matters from the combustion of lead-laden fuels. This Lead can lead to chronic and acute poisoning. Product of incomplete combustion reacting with hemoglobin causing CO carboxyhemoglobin SOx Acid rain precursors when they combine water droplets in air Constituent of photochemical smog. O3 Alters vision and increases calcification of bones resulting in premature aging and depletion of body fat. Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 12  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Ashes and Residue - Results of burning and Rubbish combustion - Combustible and noncombustible Demolition and Construction Wastes Agricultural Wastes - Razed buildings and - from diverse other structures agricultural activities Special Wastes Treatment Plant Wastes - From non-specific - Sludge from industrial diffuse sources treatment Hazardous Wastes - Reactive, flammable, radioactive Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 13  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources R.A. 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000 Approved on January 26, 2001 with IRR contained in DAO. 2001-34 Program creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds thereof, and for other purposes related to solid waste management; Established the National Solid Waste Management Board Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 14  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources Municipal waste refers to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street litters. Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Source: RA 9003 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 15  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Waste Generation and Sources MSW shall not include: 1. Waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semisolid form 2.Infectious waste from hospitals 3.Waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris. Source: RA 9003 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 16 Fate and Transport of Pollutants PART I – Chapter 3 | © MCMD, MCDB, RCPE, MVOL & JRAM 17  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment WASTE MANAGEMENT / HEALTH AND ENVI. TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL Generation Fate and Exposure General Transport Routes Concerns FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS Where does the contaminant go? (media) How fast are contaminants moving or dispersing along a path? (rates) How long will it remain (reaction kinetics) and in what form? (reaction mechanism) Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 18  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107700 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 19  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Planetary Boundaries - a concept that identifies nine (9) essential processes for the regulation of earth systems’ stability and resilience. Image source: Stockholm Resilience Center Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 20  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Sample: Antibiotics in the environment Do not redistribute Environ Monit Assess 195, 942 (2023) PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 21  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment BENEFITS TO WASTE MANAGEMENT: 1. Multimedia analysis for the avoidance of “waste management” by only shifting contaminants from one media to another 2. FT is foundational to a total systems approach (e.g., ESG accounting, LCA tools to quantify economic and social costs of pollution) 3. Selection of appropriate technology for environmental remediation Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 22 Environmental Quality PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 23  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts ✓ physical, chemical, and Environmental Quality biological characteristics, properties, and other measures ✓ overall condition of the environment ✓ relative capacity of the environment to service the needs of its constituents, otherwise known as beneficial © Sepp photography | Shutterstock purpose. Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 24  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Establishment of the Water Resources Management Office Executive Order No. 22 CREATING THE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OFFICE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES Done on the 27th day of April, 2023 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 25  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water R.A. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004 Effective May 6, 2004 with IRR contained in DAO 2005-10 Comprehensive program to improve water quality management in all water bodies Abatement and control of water pollution from land- based sources Designation of Water Quality Management Areas (WQMA) National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP) Penalties and Fines: Wastewater charge system Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 26  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 27  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Guidelines for surface water quality are embodied in DAO 2016-08 ✓ Water Quality Guidelines (WQS) and General Effluent Standards (GES) of 2016 ✓ Classification of Philippine waters according to beneficial use ✓ Surface water quality criteria for pollutants that affect aesthetics, oxygen demand, and toxicity levels Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 28  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Industrial Effluent Standards DAO 1990-34: Surface water classification and quality ✓Significant wastewater parameters to be monitored in different industries DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent regulation DAO 2016-08: Water Quality Guidelines and Effluent Standards of 2016 DAO 2021-19: Updated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards for Selected Parameters Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 29  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Industrial Effluent Standards DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent standards Toxic and other deleterious substances Conventional and other pollutants affecting aesthetics and oxygen demand Approved methods of analysis Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 30  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Beneficial uses of water (RA 9275) 1. Domestic use 2. Fisheries 3. Industries 4. Irrigation 5. Livestock raising 6. Municipal water supply 7. Power generation 8. Recreation Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 31  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Source: DAO 2016-08 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 32  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Source: DAO 2016-08 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 33  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water Source: DAO 2016-08 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 34  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Surface Water DAO 2021-19 updates versus 2016-08 parameter limits Source: EnvilianceASIA Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 35  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Ambient Air R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 The passage of this law on June 23, 1999 provides a comprehensive program on air quality management, pollution control and abatement through: 1. Improving emission standards 2. Prohibiting large scale incineration 3. Implementing emission standards for motor vehicles 4. Prohibiting smoking 5. Improving fuel composition 6. Phasing out ODS IRR contained in DAO 2000-81 Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 36  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Ambient Air AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The most important beneficial purpose of air is for breathing Guidelines for ambient air quality standards are embodied in DAO 2004-26 (amending DAO 2000-81) Standards for criteria air pollutants: particulate matter, SO2, NO2, tropospheric ozone, CO, and Pb Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 37  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Ambient Air R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 Section 9. Airsheds. - Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the designation of airsheds shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems. Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 38  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Ambient Air R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 Metro Tuguegarao Metro Cebu BLISST Leyte Geothermal Bulacan-Pampanga-Bataan Southern Negros Geothermal Northeastern Pangasinan Agusan del Norte-Butuan NCR City Cavite-Laguna-Rizal Metro CDO Makiling-Banahaw North Cootabato Geothermal Geothermal Naga City Davao City Bacod-Manito Geothermal Zamboanga City Baco-Naujan-Clapan South Cotabato Metro Iloilo Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 39  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Quality Standards: Ambient Air NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AREA POINT SOURCES OTHERS SOURCES PASS: NOT PASS: NON- STATIONARY MOBILE - SMOKING ATTAINMENT ATTAINMENT SOURCES SOURCES AREAS - FUELS & AREAS ADDITIVES - ODS EMISSION EXHAUST - GHG MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STANDARDS STANDARDS - POPS - RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS AIR QUALITY - HAZARDOUS CONTROL POLLUTANTS TECHNIQUES Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 40 Environmental burdens from the agro-industries PART I - Chapter 3 | © MCMD, MCDB, RCPE, MVOL & JRAM 41  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Change in the environmental quality to make conditions less suitable for life TOXIC EFFECTS ON LIVING SYSTEMS Direct effect on organism’s health upon chronic or acute exposure Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 42  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON WATER BODIES Increases food matter for consumers and decomposers Increases the required oxygen for metabolic requirements of fermentation and respiration (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD) Eventually depletes dissolved oxygen (DO) levels At anoxic conditions, anaerobic decomposition promotes the generation of methane, a poisonous gas ©Reuters New Media Inc./Corbis Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 43  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS ON BODIES OF WATER The increased concentration of nitrogen in RBWs accelerates the growth of algae on the surface of the water forming green slimy algae mats called algal bloom. Algal bloom increases the food supply and eventually leads to dissolved oxygen depletion, and this leads to eutrophication. ©Shutterstock/Alen Thien Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 44  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG Mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown haze above cities. Secondary pollutants formed are tropospheric ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) Damage plant growth in agricultural systems Affects aesthetic quality, and visibility © The President and Fellows of Harvard College due to the reddish-brown haze in the atmosphere Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 45  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 46  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 1. NO2 + sunlight → NO + O 2. O + O2 → O3 3. O3 + NO → NO2 + O2 4. NO2 + R → products such as PAN 5. NO + ROx → NO2 + other products R – compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and other substances (VOCs) Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 47  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ACID DEPOSITION Caused by the reaction of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides with moisture in the atmosphere heat S+O2 SO2 N2 +O2 2NO light SO2 + O SO3 NO + O3 NO2 + O2 SO3 +H2 O H2 SO4 NO2 + O3 +H2 O HNO3 Decreases the pH of soil and water environment Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 48  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution TOXIC EFFECTS ON LIVING SYSTEMS HEALTH AND SOCIAL CONCERNS: TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ✓ Factors affecting toxicity ✓ Increase of pollutant concentrations in biological systems Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 49  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Effects of Pollution TOXIC EFFECTS ON LIVING SYSTEMS HEALTH AND SOCIAL CONCERNS: TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ✓ Increase of pollutant concentrations in biological systems 1. Bioaccumulation 2. Biomagnification Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 50  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts So… What’s next? Generation and Characterization of Pollutants An understanding of the nature of waste is essential 1. In the selection and operation of Physical equipment and facilities Chemical 2. In the design and operation of collection, treatment, and disposal facilities Biological 3. In assessing the feasibility of resource and energy recovery 4. In the engineering management of environmental quality Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 51  Pollution Sources Fate and Transport Environmental Quality Environmental Impacts Chapter 2-1 RECAP Waste generation and sources Fate and transport of pollutants Environmental quality ✓ Definition ✓ Quality standards General concerns: environmental impacts ✓ Environmental effects ✓ Health effects Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 52  Next meeting: ChE 180 PART II – Chapter 4 Water and Industrial Wastewater Treatment PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 53 Appendix 54 Water quality criteria for fresh waters according to DAO 1990-34 CLASS PARAMETER UNIT AA A B C D Pollutants contributing to aesthetics and oxygen demand for fresh waters Color PCU 15 50 c c c Temperature rise C rise 3 3 3 3 pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.0 Dissolved O2 % satn 70 70 70 60 40 mg/L 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 BOD5 mg/L 1 5 5 7 10 Total Suspended mg/L 25 50 f g H Solids Total Dissolved mg/L 500 1000 - - 1000 Solids Surfactants mg/L nil 0.2 0.3 0.5 - Oil/Grease mg/L nil 1 1 2 5 Nitrates as N2 mg/L 1.0 10 nr 10 - Phosphates as P mg/L nil 0.1 0.2 0.4 - Phenols mg/L nil 0.002 0.005 0.02 - Total Coliforms MPN/ 100 50 1000 1000 5000 - mL Fecal Coliforms MPN/ 100 20 100 200 - - mL Chloride mg/L 250 250 - 350 - Copper Do not redistribute mg/L 1.0 1.0 PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM - 0.5 - 55  Water quality criteria for fresh waters according to DAO 1990-34 CLASS PARAMETER UNIT AA A B C D Toxic and other deleterious substances Arsenic mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 Chromium mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - Cyanide mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - Lead mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - Total Mercury mg/L 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Organophosphate mg/L nil nil nil nil nil Aldrin mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - DDT mg/L 0.05 0.05 - - - Dieldrin mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - Heptachlor mg/L nil nil - - - Lindane mg/L 0.004 0.004 - - - Toxaphane mg/L 0.005 0.005 - - - Methoxychlor mg/L 0.10 0.10 - - - Chlordane mg/L 0.003 0.003 - - - Endrin mg/L nil nil - - - PCB mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 56 National ambient air quality guideline values from DAO 2000-81. SHORT TERM a LONG TERM b POLLUTANT Averaging Averagin µg/NCM ppm µg/NCM ppm Time g Time Suspended Particulate Matter c TSP 230d 24 hours 90 1 year e PM-10 150f 24 hours 60 1 year e Sulfur dioxidec 180 0.07 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year Nitrogen 150 0.08 24 hours dioxide Photochemical Oxidants Ozone 140 0.07 1 hour 60 0.03 8 hours CO 35 30 1 hour mg/NCM 9 8 hours 10 mg/NCM Pb 1.5 3 months 1.0 1 year g Do not redistribute PART I - Chapter 3 | © MVOL & JRAM 57