04NeuralControlThorax_Muscles.ppt
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Anatomy of the Respiratory System Samuel Shan, RRT-NPS-ACCS RT 3005/6005 NEURAL CONTROL The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the tone of bronchial and arterial smooth muscle. ANS regulates involuntary body functions. Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Gla...
Anatomy of the Respiratory System Samuel Shan, RRT-NPS-ACCS RT 3005/6005 NEURAL CONTROL The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the tone of bronchial and arterial smooth muscle. ANS regulates involuntary body functions. Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Glands Subdivided in two systems: Sympathetic Parasympathetic Autonomic System Comparison increase Sympathetic : epinephrine and NE. Beta receptors (ß2) Alpha receptors (α) Parasympathetic: acetylcholine The Lungs APEX Pointed Rise about the level of the first rib. BASE Broad and concave. Extend to the 6th rib anteriorly (xyphoid process) and ~11th rib posteriorly (two ribs below the angle of the scapula). Mediastinal border is concave to accommodate heart. HILUM Center of the lungs R and L mainstem bronchi, vessels, and nerves. Right and Left Lungs RIGHT Larger and heavier than the left. Divided by the horizontal and oblique fissures into: Upper lobe Middle lobe Lower lobe LEFT Divided by the oblique fissure into: Upper lobe Lower lobe R and L Lungs Bronchopulmonary Segments Segments Right Lung Left Lung Mediastinum Cavity in the center of the thoracic cage. It contains: Trachea Heart Great vessels Nerves Portions of the esophagus Thymus gland Lymph nodes Mediastinum Pleural Membranes Two moist, slick-surfaced membranes. Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Both pleural membranes are held together by a thin film of serous fluid. Negative pressure in the pleural space holds the lung tissue to the thorax. Air or fluid = atmospheric P = separation. Pleural Membranes The Thorax Protects the cardiopulmonary system. Posterior midline border: 12 thoracic vertebrae. Anterior border: sternum. Lateral: 12 pairs of ribs. First 7 ribs= true ribs 8,9, and 10= false ribs 11,12= floating ribs 11 intercostal spaces. Vascular bundle and nerve run along the inferior border. Intercostal Space The Diaphragm It is the major muscle of ventilation. Dome-shaped musculofibrous partition between thorax and abdomen. Fibers merge together at the midline into the central tendon. Orifices: Esophagus Aorta Inferior vena cava Innervated primarily by the phrenic nerve. Inspiration = downward movement = increases thoracic volume and decreases P = gas flow into the lungs. Diaphragm EXPIRATION END-EXPIRATION Increases upward UP Inspiration Scalene muscles Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major muscles Trapezius muscles External intercostal muscles Scalene Muscles Three separate muscles. Anterior Medial Posterior Primary function: flex the neck. Elevate the first and second ribs. Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid Primary function: rotate head. Elevates the sternum to increase AP diameter of the chest. Pectoralis Major Muscles Adduction of upper extremities. Elevate the chest to increase AP diameter. COPD position Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis COPD Trapezius Muscles Triangular muscles in the upper back and back of the neck. Rotate the scapula, raise shoulders, abduct arms. Elevates thoracic cage. Trapezius External Intercostal Muscles From lower border of each rib and insert into the upper border of the rib below. Pull ribs upward and outward. Increase AP and lateral diameters. External IC Accessory Muscles of Expiration Used when Raw is elevated. Contraction increases the intrathoracic P offsetting the increased Raw. Groups: Rectus Abdominis External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus Abdominis Internal Intercostal Muscles. Abdominal M Collective Action Internal Intercostal Muscles Beneath the external IC muscles. From inferior border to superior border of the rib in a downward and lateral direction. Contract during expiration pulling ribs downward and inward. Internal IC
