Tissue Level of Organization Part II PDF

TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZ ATION PART II S A N P E D RO C O L L E G E CONNECTIVE TISSUE FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX- consists of protein fibers HIGHLY VASCULAR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX TWO COMPONENTS: 1. GROUND SUBSTANCE - component of a connective tissue be...

TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZ ATION PART II S A N P E D RO C O L L E G E CONNECTIVE TISSUE FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX- consists of protein fibers HIGHLY VASCULAR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX TWO COMPONENTS: 1. GROUND SUBSTANCE - component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers - consists of water, polysaccharides, proteins EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX POLYSACCHARIDES includes: * Hyaluronic acid * Chondroitin sulfate * Dermatan Sulfate * Keratan Sulfate EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 2. FIBERS THREE TYPES: 1. Collagen fibers: very strong and resist forces (protein – collagen) 2. Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to original length (protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin 3. Reticular fibers: provide support and strength (protein – collagen) CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS FIBROBLASTS- most numerous ADIPOCYTES – stores triglycerides - found at heart and kidneys WHITE BLOOD CELLS *NEUTROPHILS - gather at sites of infection *EOSINOPHILS - migrate to sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS MACROPHAGES *FIXED MACROPHAGES *WANDERING MACROPHAGES PLASMA CELLS – develop from a type of WBC (B lymphocyte) CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS MAST CELLS * Produces HISTAMINE- A chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection  CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE DENSE CARTILAGE LIQUID CONNECTIVE CONNECTIVE *Hyaline C.T TISSUE TISSUE BONE *Fibrocartilage *Blood *AREOLAR *Dense Regular TISSUE *ADIPOSE *Dense Irregular *Elastic Tissue *RETICULAR *Elastic Cartilage *Lymph LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE One of the most widely distributed connective tissues contains several types of cells, including fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes Consists of 3 fibers LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: ADIPOSE TISSUE Adipose tissue is found wherever areolar connective tissue is located Good insulator LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: RETICULAR CONNECTIVE Consists of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes Helps bind together smooth muscle cells. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns that provide the tissue with great strength DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE collagen fibers that are usually irregularly arranged DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE strong and can recoil to its original shape after being stretched. CARTILAGE: HYALINE CARTILAGE A resilient gel as its ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance Reduces friction and absorbs shock most abundant cartilage in the body Weakest type of cartilage CARTILAGE: FIBROCARTILAGE Strongest cartilage Intervertebral disk spaces CARTILAGE: ELASTIC CARTILAGE Provides strength and elasticity Maintains the shape of certain structures Ex: external ear BONE TISSUE Forms most of the skeleton Supports, protects, and allows movements; site of blood formation and storage of minerals COMPACT BONE: OSTEON/ HAVERSIAN SYSTEM 1. LAMELLAE- consists of mineral salts which give bones its strength 2. LACUNAE- are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. 3. CANALICULI- provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them 4. HAVERSIAN CANAL- Contains blood vessels and nerves; also called CENTRAL CANAL SPONGY BONE Lacks osteons but consists of TRABECULAE LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD TISSUE Contains a liquid connective matrix called blood plasma BLOOD PLASMA Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: LYMPH The extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels MEMBRANES F L AT S H E E T S O F P L I A B L E T I S S U E T H AT C OV E R O R L I N E A PA RT O F T H E B O DY 2 CATEGORIES: EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE: MUCOUS MEMBRANE/ MUCOSA - Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior - ex: Lines the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract SEROUS MEMBRANE/ SEROSA - lines a body cavity (thoracic and abdominal) that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE/ SKIN - entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE Lines the cavities of freely movable joints Contains Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity MUSCUL AR TISSUE P R O D U C E S B O DY M OV E M E N T S , M A I N TA I N S POSTURE, AND G E N E R AT E S H E AT MUSCULAR TISSUE 3 TYPES: SKELETAL MUSCLE- bones CARDIAC MUSCLE- heart SMOOTH MUSCLE- Located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder NERVOUS TISSUE 2 TYPES OF CELLS OF NERVOUS TISSUE: NEURONS NEUROGLIA NEURONS sensitive to various stimuli convert stimuli into electrical signals called action impulses 3 BASIC PARTS: Cell body 2 cell processes: Axon, Dendrites NEUROGLIA Supporting cells Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES  ATROPHY- A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ BIOPSY- Removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination to help diagnose disease. HYPERTROPHY- Increase in the size of a tissue because its cells enlarge without undergoing cell division.