03_Understanding the Society.pdf

Understanding the Society EMAN C. PATATA Special Science Teacher III Philippine Science High School – Eastern Visayas Campus  Agenda: Defining the Society Social Structure & Social Institutions Theoretical Perspectives on Society Social Status & Social Roles Societ...

Understanding the Society EMAN C. PATATA Special Science Teacher III Philippine Science High School – Eastern Visayas Campus  Agenda: Defining the Society Social Structure & Social Institutions Theoretical Perspectives on Society Social Status & Social Roles Society & the Individual 2 What is the SOCIETY?  It consists of people who interact and share a common culture. SOCIETY (Stolley, 2005) A group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. On a broader scale, it consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. (Cornerly, Holmes & Tamang, 2021) 4  SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS The major social organizations formed to meet our human needs. 5  FAMILY ECONOMIC MILITARY RELIGIOUS SYSTEM SYSTEM POLITICAL MEDICAL EDUCATIONAL MEDIA SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM 6  SOCIAL STRUCTURE The way a society is organized around the regulated ways people interrelate and organize social life. 7 What are the different TYPES of SOCIETIES?  Societies certainly differ in many ways; some are larger in population and some are smaller, some are modern and some are less modern. Part of this understanding involves determining the differences between industrial societies and traditional ones. 9  Sociologist Gerhard Lenski Jr. (1924–2015) defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication. Societies with rudimentary technology depend on the fluctuations of their environments, while industrialized societies have more control over the impact of their surroundings and thus develop different cultural features. This distinction is so important that sociologists generally classify societies along a spectrum of their level of industrialization. 10  PREINDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY SOCIETY SOCIETY Industrial societies feature factories These societies feature information Before the Industrial Revolution and machines. They are wealthier technology and service jobs. and the widespread use of Higher education is especially than pre-industrial societies and machines, societies were small, important in these societies for have a greater sense of rural, and dependent largely on economic success. individualism and a somewhat local resources. Economic lower degree of inequality that still production was limited to the remains substantial. amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized occupations. 11  PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY The pre-industrial society is characterized by limited technology and a heavy reliance on human and animal labor for survival. These societies are largely defined by subsistence economies, where the majority of production is dedicated to meeting basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. 12  HUNTING & PASTORAL HORTICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL GATHERING SOCIEITIES SOCIEITIES SOCIEITIES SOCIEITIES These societies depend primarily In these societies, people cultivate These societies emerge with the These are the earliest form of human on the domestication and herding crops using simple hand tools. The invention of the plow and animal- societies, where small, nomadic of animals for food and other development of horticulture allows powered farming, allowing for groups rely on hunting animals and resources. Pastoral societies are for semi-permanent settlements more intensive cultivation of land. gathering plants for food. There is often nomadic, moving with their and the ability to store surplus Agricultural societies produce little to no permanent settlement, herds in search of grazing land. food, leading to more complex significant food surpluses, which and survival depends on the social structures. lead to population growth, availability of natural resources. permanent settlements, and the Social structure is relatively simple, development of complex with little division of labor or institutions like governments, stratification. economies, and social hierarchies. 13  PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY In pre-industrial societies, social organization is closely tied to land and resource control. Most people are involved in food production, and wealth or power is often based on the ownership of land. Technology progresses slowly, and societal change happens at a gradual pace. As a result, social structures tend to be hierarchical and rigid, with little social mobility. 14  INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY An industrial society is marked by the transition from agriculture- based economies to those driven by mechanized production, technological innovation, and large-scale manufacturing. This shift is fueled by the development of advanced machinery, such as the steam engine, and new energy sources, like coal and electricity, which enable mass production and increased efficiency. 15  INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Industrial societies are characterized by: Mechanization and technology Mass production Division of labor and Specialization Individualism Urbanization 16  INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY According to Lenski, the basis for social hierarchy in industrial societies is primarily rooted in control over economic resources, particularly the ownership of capital and access to technology. 17  POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY A post-industrial society is characterized by a shift from an economy based on manufacturing and industrial production to one centered on services, information, and knowledge. This transition represents the next stage in societal evolution, following industrial societies. 18  POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Post-industrial societies are characterized by: Information and Knowledge as Key Resources Advanced Technology and Automation Growth of the Service Sector Globalization and Interconnectedness Social Stratification Based on Knowledge and Education 19  EMILE DURKHEIM Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) was the first French academic sociologist and one of the “founding fathers” of the discipline. He worked throughout his life to establish sociology as an academic discipline and held the first full professorship in social science in France. 2 0  As a functionalist, Durkheim’s perspective on society stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all of its elements. He asserted that individual behavior was not the same as collective behavior and that studying collective behavior was quite different from studying an individual’s actions. Durkheim called the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society the collective conscience. 21  Durkheim argued that as society grew more complex, social order made the transition from mechanical to organic. 22  According to him, preindustrial societies were held together by mechanical solidarity, a type of social order maintained by the collective conscience of a culture. Societies with mechanical solidarity act in a mechanical fashion; things are done mostly because they have always been done that way. This type of thinking was common in preindustrial societies where strong bonds of kinship and a low division of labor created shared morals and values among people, such as hunter-gatherer groups. 23  In industrial societies, mechanical solidarity is replaced with organic solidarity, which is social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences. In capitalist societies, division of labor becomes so specialized that everyone is doing different things. Instead of punishing members of a society for failure to assimilate to common values, organic solidarity allows people with differing values to coexist. Laws exist as formalized morals and are based on restitution rather than revenge. 24  While the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity is, in the long run, advantageous for a society, Durkheim noted that it can be a time of chaos and “normlessness.” One of the outcomes of the transition is something he called social anomie, a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness. Collective norms are weakened. People, while more interdependent to accomplish complex tasks, are also alienated from each other. Anomie is experienced in times of social uncertainty, such as war or a great upturn or downturn in the economy. 25  FERDINAND TÖNNIES He was a German sociologist (1855–1936) who attended several universities before receiving his doctorate in classical philology (historical and comparative linguistics) in 1877. He eventually became professor emeritus in sociology in the University of Kiel. 26  One of the key differences between traditional and industrial societies is the emphasis placed on the community versus the emphasis placed on the individual. In traditional societies, community feeling and group commitment are usually the cornerstones of social life. Tonnies used the term Gemeinschaft, meaning “community,” to describe the traditional social ties characterized by the importance of intimate relationships such as family, kin, and friendship; moral closeness/unity; and religion. 27  As societies grew and industrialized and as people moved to cities, Tönnies said, social ties weakened and became more impersonal. He called this situation Gesellschaft, meaning “association,” which describes social ties characterized by a focus on self rather than community good, individuality, separation from others, and impersonality. Whereas the people in traditional societies have close daily ties, those in industrial societies have many relationships in which one person barely knows the other person. Commitment to the group and community become less important in industrial societies, and individualism becomes more important. 28 How do we CREATE the SOCIETY? And how does the SOCIETY CREATE us?  In 1966 sociologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann wrote a book called The Social Construction of Reality. In it, they argued that society is created by humans and human interaction, which they call habitualization. Habitualization describes how “any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be … performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort” (Berger and Luckmann 1966). Not only do we construct our own society but we also accept it as it is because others have created it before us. 30  STATUS The position that someone occupies in society. We use them to describe the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society. 31  STUDENT FRIEND NEIGHBOR MALE SIBLING SCHOLAR 32  ASCRIBED STATUS The status that someone is born with and has no control over. 33  MALE FILIPINO CHILD 34  ACHIEVED STATUS A status you achieve, at some point after birth, sometimes through your own efforts and sometimes because good or bad luck befalls you. 35  PISAY STUDENT MILLIONAIRE MARRIED 36  Our ascribed statuses, and in particular our sex, race and ethnicity, and social class, often affect our ability to acquire and maintain many achieved statuses. Achieved statuses can be viewed positively or negatively. 37  MASTER STATUS A status that is so important that it overrides other statuses you may hold. Master statuses can be either positive or negative for an individual depending on the particular master status they hold. 38  NATIONAL HERO SERIAL KILLER 39  ROLES A behavior expected of someone in a particular status. 40  MOTHER PISAY STUDENT Childbearing Embody the ideals of Caregiver to family PSHS members Follow school rules and Manager for the family protocols Teacher of children Always exercise academic honesty 41  Roles help us interact because we are familiar with the behavior associated with roles. If we assume a new role, the expectations of that role can change how we interact with others and even the way we think about ourselves. 42  ERVING GOFFMAN He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century. He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the development of symbolic interaction theory and for developing the dramaturgical perspective. 43  Our social interactions can be understood by likening it to a performance in a play. Each individual has many parts or roles to play in society, and many of these roles specify how we should interact in any given situation. These roles exist before we are born, and they continue long after we die. The culture of society is thus similar to the script of a play. 44  ROLE PERFORMANCE How a person expresses his or her role. 45  Individuals are, in essence, dramatic actors on a stage playing parts dictated by culture, and, like all theater, they are given some dramatic license in how they play roles, as long as they do not deviate too far from the emotional script provided by culture. Jonathan H. Turner and Jan E. Stets, 2006 46  STUDENT SCHOOL HOME 47  SON/DAUGHTER SIBLING SCHOOL HOME 48  Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman 1959). 49  Goffman also stressed that the presentation of self guides social interaction just as it guides behavior in a play. When people interact, they routinely try to convey a positive impression of themselves to the people with whom they interact. The key dimension of social interaction, then, involves trying to manage the impressions we convey to the people with whom we interact. We usually do our best, consciously or unconsciously, to manage the impressions we convey to others and so to evoke from them reactions that will please us. 50 51  Goffman’s dramaturgy ideas expand on the ideas of Charles Cooley and the looking-glass self. According to Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. Cooley believed that our sense of self is based upon this idea: we imagine how we look to others, draw conclusions based upon their reactions to us, and then we develop our personal sense of self. In other words, people’s reactions to us are like a mirror in which we are reflected. 52 What happens if we FAIL to fulfill the SOCIETY’S EXPECTATIONS?  Roles help our interactions run smoothly and automatically and, for better or worse, shape our personalities. But roles can also cause various kinds of problems. 54  ROLE STRAIN Occurs when two or more roles associated with a single status are in conflict. If too much is required of a single role, individuals can experience role strain. This problem happens because of all the demands coming to you from people in other statuses with which your own status is involved. 55  PARENT Providing Emotional Doing Household Tasks Support to Children Teaching Children Providing Guidance & Discipline & other values Wisdom to Children Providing Economic Resources to the family 56  If too much is required of a single role, individuals can experience role strain. 57  ROLE CONFLICT This happens when roles for different statuses the person holds conflict with each other. 58  PARENT EMPLOYEE 59  To resolve role conflict, we ordinarily have to choose between one role and the other, which is often a difficult choice to make. Another way to resolve role conflict is to find some alternative that would meet the needs of your conflicting roles. If role conflict becomes too frequent and severe, a final option is to leave one of your statuses altogether. 60 How important is the SOCIETY to the INDIVIDUAL?  The ultimate goal of society is to promote good and happy life for its individuals. It creates conditions and opportunities for the all-round development of individual personality. Society ensures harmony and cooperation among individuals inspite of their occasional conflicts and tensions. 62  Human cannot survive without society and societies cannot exist without members. Thus, society and individuals are bound by an intimate and harmonious bond and the conflicts between the two are apparent and momentary. In a well-ordered society, there would be lasting harmony between the two. 63  References PSHS System Learning Guides for Social Science 6. 2020. Cornerly, T. R., Holmes, K. & A. L. 2021. Sociology. Stolley, Kathy S. 2005. The Basics Of Sociology. Greenwood Press. University of Minnesota. 2010. Sociology. 64 Copyright @ 2022 All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the author.