Types of Research PDF

LESSON NO. 3: TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Identify various types of research; 2. Identify various types of qualitative research 3. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative types of research  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH...

LESSON NO. 3: TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Identify various types of research; 2. Identify various types of qualitative research 3. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative types of research  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Aka fundamental or pure research Main purpose is to extend man’s knowledge, not to invent or produce results of practical value. Example: Investigation of how the universe began, causers of cancer, which areas of the world get the most precipitation, etc.  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH Designed to solve practical problems of the modern world rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake. Example: Research to improve agricultural crop production, treatment or cure for a specific disease, etc.  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH ARTISTIC RESEARCH Seeks to expound on currently accepted concepts and open them to further interpretation by using new methods and processes, hence the name “artistic”. Generates new knowledge by defining new concepts, creating new processes, and devising new methods.  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by generating credible theories. Involves formulating hypothesis, testing predictions using data, and coming up with a theory.  GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES A systematic and critical investigation of human culture, values, beliefs, and practices, including their literature, philosophy, art, and other aspects of human experiences. Derives explanations from human experiences that cannot be simply measured by facts and figures alone. There are two broad categories of research methodology: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Utilizes naturalistic methods of inquiry as it places great emphasis on the analysis of experiences of the individual. Focuses on gaining insights and understanding about an individual’s perception or interpretation of events. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Collects data through interviews and participative observation. Is not concerned with numbers and complicated statistical analysis. Employs an inductive approach (data is collected and analyzed first then a hypothesis is made based from the analysis) KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Takes place in a natural setting (i.e., home, institution, or community). Focuses on participant’s perceptions and experiences. Focuses on participants that can provide the richest insights about a phenomenon. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Uses a small sample size and utilizes purposive sampling. May be subjected to the researcher’s own personal interpretation. Collection of data is continuous until no new information is revealed (saturation). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative research collects and analyzes numerical data to describe characteristics, find correlations, and test hypothesis. Employs a deductive approach (hypothesis is made first and is tested by collecting and analyzing data) QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE To describe and understand To test hypothesis, social phenomena and establish causal interactions among people Purpose To develop a deep and relationships, make predictions, and generalize holistic understanding of a from findings. phenomenon Question Who, What, When, How, What, Why Domains Where QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Sample Size Required Small (10 – 15) Large (150-200+) (number of participants) Sampling Purposive Sampling Random Sampling Method Relationship Less Formal Formal with Participants QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Verbal information, Statistical information Data images, artifacts (text- and numbers (number- Needed based) based) Test, experiment, Data pretest-posttest, and Interview, Observation, Collection any other method that Document Analysis Method requires precise measurements QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Content Analysis Data Analysis Statistical Analysis and Coding Generalizability Low High Exploratory, bottom- Confirmatory, top- up, or inductive (i.e., down, or deductive Scientific generating (i.e., testing Method hypothesis or hypothesis or theories theories from data through data) QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Typically, in a natural Typically, in a Research Setting setting controlled setting Narrative with description of context and Reporting Statistical reporting examples from the participant’s responses  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST The Meaning of Pop The Relationship Music in the Lives of Between Exposure to Senior Citizens Music and Life ARTS Managing Depression Expectancy through Creative The Effects of Creative Activities Activities on Depression  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST Domestic Abuse Assessing the level of Experiences of domestic abuse among Filipino Women Filipino Women Common Anxieties HUMANITIES The Effects of Anxiety Experienced by Public on the Speaking School Students Performance of during Public Students Speaking  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST Factors influencing the The Level of Participation SPORTS Engagement of of Introverts in Team Introverts in Team Sports Sports  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST Lived Experiences of The Relationship Obese Women in the Between Obesity and Philippines the Length of TV Viewing SCIENCE among Filipino Women Health Beliefs about The Effects of Mobile the Use of Mobile Phone Radiation on Phones Brain Cells  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST Farmer’s and Effects of Natural Agriculture Consumer’s Beliefs Fertilizer on the and about Community- Productivity of Fruit- Fisheries supported Agriculture bearing Trees in the Philippines  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST What Motivates Investigating the Extent Entrepreneurs to Use of Entrepreneur’s Business Social Networking Sites Usage of Social as a Marketing Networking Sites in Platform? Business Activities  EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST How the Internet The Effects of Information and Influences the Facebook Marketing Communications Buying Behavior of on the Buying Technology Teenagers Behavior of Teenagers EXAMPLES OF QUALI AND QUANTI RESEARCH AREAS OF QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTEREST The Effect of 4Ps on Challenges in the Dropout Rate in Implementing the 4Ps Public Schools in Understanding the Social Metro Manila Domestic Violence Inquiry The impact of Experiences of Counseling on the Self Homosexuals and Confidence of LGBT Bisexuals Members  STRENGTHS (QUALI RESEARCH) Requires few participants Useful for describing complex phenomena Detailed & in-depth Provides individual case information Responsive to local situations and needs Flexible interviews Research framework and direction can be easily revised  WEAKNESSES (QUALI RESEARCH) Knowledge produced may not be applicable to other people/ settings Volume of data makes analysis and interpretation time-consuming Generally, not accepted by the scientific community Issues in anonymity and confidentiality Researcher may affect respondent’s response Results are easily influenced by Researcher’s personal bias  TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH/ RESEARCH DESIGN WHAT IS A RESEARCH DESIGN? A research design refers to the strategy for answering your research questions. A research’s research design is dictated by the problem that it wishes to solve/answer. A research design tells us how we will collect, measure, and analyze our data. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY Studies how people give meaning to their (lived) experiences through descriptions provided by the study’s respondents. Example: What are the experiences commonly encountered by a person who had just lost a loved one? Goal is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject. PHEMOMENOLOGICAL STUDY Example: A Phenomenological Study of Nurses’ Experience in Caring for COVID-19 Patients by Jang, H.Y. et. Al. (2022) ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY Involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities. Researcher immerses with the people and becomes part of their culture. Key informants provide important information. Example: What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles city (dela Cruz, 1994)? ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY Example: An Ethnographic Study of Intermediate Students from Poverty: Intersections of School and Home ty: Intersections of School and Home (Rector, 2018) HISTORICAL STUDY This study is concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events. Also relates the implication of past events to the present and future time. Example: What are the roles of women in Katipunan? HISTORICAL STUDY Example: A Historical Study of Men in Nursing (Mackintosh, 2008) HISTORICAL STUDY Sources of data for historical studies: Documents Relics and Artifacts Oral Reports (printed materials (Physical remains (Information that that can be or objects from a is passed on by found in libraries, historical period) word of mouth) archives, etc.) CASE STUDY An in-depth study/ examination of an individual, groups of people, an institution, or a problem over a period of time in real world context. Purpose is to gain insights into a person/problem and provide background data for broader studies. Example: How do cancer survivors look at life? CASE STUDY Example: An Exploratory Multiple Case Study about Using Game-Based Learning in STEM Classrooms (Vu & Feinstein, 2017) Examples: Celebrity, Music, and Public Persona: A Case Study of Taylor Swift (by Elaina K.M. Junes of Minnesota State University, 2023) NARRATIVE ANALYSIS Focuses on interpreting human experiences in the form of stories or narratives and how they communicate these stories. Also focuses on how the person expressed themselves, what language they used, and how participants constructed their narratives. Purpose is to extract meaningful context from these experiences.  ACTION RESEARCH DESIGN Aka ACTION RESEARCH, is a solution- driven research design. Any info gathered is used to identify and implement a solution to the problem. Researcher Crafting of Implement Effects of Effects of Identifies a Action Action Action Plan Action Plan Problem Plan Plan is Analyzed is Analyzed  ACTION RESEARCH Example: IMPROVING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PROFICIENCY USING GAMES (Fajariyah, 2009) GROUNDED THEORY Involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, properties, and hypotheses emerge (these hypotheses are not tested in the study). Uses an inductive approach (observations and measurement of data leading to development of theories or generalizations). GROUNDED THEORY Recommended when there is no existing theory that explains a phenomenon, or if there is an existing theory but data is incomplete. One of the few qualitative methods which uses quantitative data when needed. GROUNDED THEORY Example: A Grounded Theory of the Development of Noble Youth Purpose (Bronk, 2012) GROUNDED THEORY Example: A grounded theory of how social support influences physical activity in adolescent girls (Laird et. Al., 2018) DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN A research method describing the characteristics of the population , event, or a phenomenon studied Answers who, what, when, where, and how questions related to the research problem.  DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN Example: WHO If you want to study the current fashion purchasing WHAT trends among Filipinos… WHEN WHERE EXPLORATORY DESIGN Focuses on topics or problems which have had little, or no studies done about them. Purpose is to gain information and insight that can be used for later researches. COHORT DESIGN Identifies a group of people sharing common characteristics who are then studied for a period of time. CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGN Studies a large group of individuals with varied characteristics. Both identifies how these groups are affected by factors or changes and relates the info gathered to the research problem. MIXED-METHOD DESIGN Combines aspects of various research designs, primarily qualitative and quantitative research methods to gain a complete picture of the research problem.