Fish Biology: Migration 2023 PDF

“Fisheries Professional Licensure Examination Review Class 2023” Fish Biology: Migration NICO JOSE S. LEANDER Regional Fisheries Research and Development Center Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 3 College of Fisheries Central Luzon State University August 20, 2023 What is fish migration?...

“Fisheries Professional Licensure Examination Review Class 2023” Fish Biology: Migration NICO JOSE S. LEANDER Regional Fisheries Research and Development Center Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 3 College of Fisheries Central Luzon State University August 20, 2023 What is fish migration? Mass movement of fish from one location to another. Types of Fish Migration 1. Diadromous - Anadromous - Catadromous - Amphidromous 2.Potamodromous 3.Oceanodrmous Diadromous Etymology: Greek; dia- (“across”) + -dromous (drómos, “running”, “race”) Migrations of fishes between fresh waters and the sea; these migrations are regular, physiologically mediated movements which occur at predictable life history phases in each diadromous species, they involve most members of a species' populations, and they are usually obligatory. Anadromous Etymology: Ancient Greek ἀνάδρομος (anádromos), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + δρόμοs (drómos, “running”, “race”). Fishes that lives in the ocean but migrates to the river to spawn (e.g. salmons and lampreys) Anadromous migration Catadromous Etymology: Greek katadromos, ( kata, ”down” ) + δρόμοs (drómos, “running”, “race”). Fishes that lives in the river but migrates to the ocean to spawn (e.g. anguillid eels) Catadromous Migration Amphidromous Etymology: Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”) + δρόμοs (drómos, “running”, “race”). Fishes that migrates between the ocean and the river in some part of their life cycle but not to spawn (e.g. sicydiine gobies) Amphidromous Migration Potamodromous Etymology: Ancient Greek ποταμός (potamós, “river”) + δρόμοs (drómos, “running”, “race”). migration from one freshwater fish habitat to another Oceanodromous migration of fish within seawater habitat in search of suitable feeding and spawning ground Types fish migration on the basis of needs: • Alimentary or Feeding migration (trophic): migration for search of feeding ground. It occur when food resources get exhausted. • Climatic or seasonal migration: migration in search for suitable climatic condition. • Osmo-regulatory migration: migration for water and electrolytes balance from sea to fresh water and vice-versa. • Juvenile migration: it is larval migration from spawning ground to the feeding habitats of their parent. •Gametic or spawning migration: it occur during breeding season in search for the suitable spawning ground. - Spawning grounds are usually located far from areas where the adult fish gather food - Distance between feeding and breeding areas helps ensure the survival of the baby fish - Baby fish have different diets than adult fish Purpose of Fish Migrations • to find suitable feeding and spawning ground • for protection from predators • survive from extreme climatic conditions • increases genetic diversity Vertical fish migration The movement of fishes towards upper surface of sea during night and towards bottom during day for various endogenous and exogenous reasons 1. Endogenous factors:- which originate from organism itself like sex, age biological rhythms, etc. 2. Exogenous factors:- These are the environment factors acting on the organisms such as light, gravity, oxygen, temperature, predator-prey interactions etc. Significance of vertical migrations • Predator Avoidance:- Organisms come up to shallow waters at night to feed while it’s dark out because their predators cannot see them as easily as in day. • Metabolic Advantage:-By feeding in the warm surface waters at night and residing in the cooler deep waters during the day they can conserve energy. Alternatively, organisms feeding on the bottom in cold water during the day may migrate to surface waters at night in order to digest their meal at warmer temperatures. • Dispersal and Transport:- Organisms can use deep and shallow currents to find food patches or to maintain a geographical location. • Avoid UV Damage:-The sunlight can penetrate into the water column. If an organism, especially something small like a microbe, is too close to the surface , the UV can actually damage them. So they want to avoid getting too close to the surface, especially during daylight. • Better Opportunities for Growth and Reproduction. Life History of the Giant Mottled Eel Anguilla marmorata in the Northwestern Pacific Nico Jose S. Leander, Yu-San Han and Wann-Nian Tzeng Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science National Taiwan University There are 16 species and 3 sub-species of freshwater eels (genus Anguilla) distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate waters around the world. Luzon Mottled Eel • The tropical eel A. marmorata and the temperate eel A. japonica are just 2 of the many anguillid eel species found in East Asia. • Anguillid eels in the Philippines: A. marmorata, A. luzonensis, A. bicolor pacifica, A. celebesensis and A. japonica • They provide food and livelihood to a lot of fisher folks in the region wherein they are harvested and consumed several thousands of tons every year. Materials and methods • To understand its early life history, glass eel samples were collected from various estuaries and rivers in East Asia and their sagittal otoliths were extracted for age and growth analyses. The results were compared with that of A. japonica. A. marmorata A. japonica EAR-STONES OR OTOLITHS brain circular canals asteriscus lagena lapillus utriculus sagitta sacculus reflected light transmitted light • First use by Reibisch in 1899 to age fish (annuli) • Pannella discovered daily growth increment (1971) • Grow throughout the fish’s life • Reliable and accurate method to age fish Otolith Microchemistry • Otoliths are also environmental recorder. • Trace-element signatures in otolith-growth bands provide a powerful tool for fish biologists to track fish movements, discriminate fish populations, and monitor aquatic environments • A total of 31 elements have been detected in fish otoliths to date. • Strontium (Sr) is of special interest because it is an indicator of salinity. • Sr is about 100 folds higher in seawater than in freshwater Anguillid glass eel otolith microstructure Migration cycle of the giant mottled eel Spawning ground: West Mariana Ridge Silvering Process Migration cycle of the giant mottled eel Kurio River 145.0 ± 17.8 days Hsiukuluan River 144.8 ± 14.2 days Cagayan River 134.0 ± 15.4 days Anguilla marmorata age at recruitment Ya-lu River 199.3 ± 15.6 days Chyan-tarng River 194.9 ± 18.6 days Ming-chiang River 172.1 ± 14.1 days Shuang-shi River 174.4 ± 17.7 days Donggang River 177.7 ± 17.8 days Anguilla japonica age at recruitment The larval growth rate and the metamorphosis timing may play an important role in the geographical distribution of the sympatric anguillid eel species A. japonica and A. marmorata in the northwestern Pacific Sr:Ca measurement in the otolith of adult A. marmorata: Aurora, Philippines After reaching the coastal waters, the elvers immediately migrate further inland as evidenced by low Sr:Ca ratios (<4x10-3) after the elver check until the otolith edge. Determination of the life history patterns of gobies (Gobiidae) in Luzon, Philippines using otolith analysis Nico Jose S. Leander1, Apolinario V. Yambot1, Tereso A. Abella1, Mei-yu Chang2, Yoshiyuki Iizuka3, Wann-Nian Tzeng2 1College of Fisheries, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines 2Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Institute of Earth Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan SAMPLING • Glossogobius aureus • Rhyacichthys aspro • Awaous melanocephalus • Sicyopterus lagocephalus • Eleotris melanosoma • Ophieleotris sp. Bangui, Ilocos Norte Magat Dam, Isabela Aurora Pangasinan Otolith samples were taken to National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica for analysis Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija Gen. Nakar, Quezon Results Glossogobius aureus Nico A-11 Magat Dam, Isabela and Pantabangan Dam, Nueva Ecija Nico A-9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 Ratios Ratios Pangasinan 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 core to edge, mm 1400 1600 1800 2000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 core to edge, mm 1200 1400 1600 Rhyacichthys aspro Nico-4 D-2 Gen. Nakar, Quezon 1.8 1.6 1.4 Ratios 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 core to edge, mm 400 500 600 Awaous melanocephalus Nico B-6 San Luis, Aurora 1.8 1.6 1.4 Ratios 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 core to edge, mm 1000 1200 1400 1600 Sicyopterus lagocephalus Nico B-5 Bangui, Ilocos Norte 1.8 1.6 1.4 Ratios 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 core to edge, mm 600 700 800 900 1000 Eleotris melanosoma Nico A-12 San Luis, Aurora 1.6 1.4 1.2 Ratios 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 core to edge, mm 500 600 700 800 Ophieleotris sp. Nico-4 D-11 San Luis, Aurora 1.8 1.6 1.4 Ratios 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 core to edge, mm 1000 1200 1400 Amphidromous life cycle • At certain times of the year, the biomass of the recruiting larvae is so great that it can support a very valuable economic resource and become a major source of food for local human populations in certain human archipelago. • The return migration of the post-larvae of these amphidromous gobies support postlarval fisheries found virtually throughout the Indo-Pacific. Areas with major goby-fry fishery Recruiting amphidromous gobies in Taitung, Taiwan Metamorphosis for Upstream Migration • 48 hrs. after entering FW, the total restructuring of the cranium has taken place • The total body length and the length of the head remain unchanged. • Tail mainly forked but gradually becomes truncated and body acquire pigments. • The upper lip enlarged and the mouth moves from a terminal to an almost ventral position. • Enlarged lips and suction cup will be used for climbing vertical rock faces, even waterfalls. Frenum Anal pore Type 1 Genital papillae Type 2 Diadromous fish return migration Why do we need to understand fish migratory behavior? Migration makes fish more vulnerable to exploitation(fishing). This is clearly of significance for commercial fisheries, and fisheries have traditionally exploited this migratory and aggregating behavior. Threats to diadromous fish migration Barriers to fish migration! Migratory fish mortality due to hydroelectric power plants Fishing pressure: return migration Fishing pressure: adult fishes in the inland waters Other barriers to fish migration: fish weirs and traps Other threats to diadromous fishes •Pollution •Mining/dredging •Other anthropogenic activities Regulatory measures Fish Ladder Providing Fish Passage via Collection-andTransport Programs Dam/reservoir/water impoundment removal Ordinance 14-03 •An ordinance declaring a total ban of the catching of “ïpon” within the territorial jurisdiction of the Province of Ilocos Sur in the month of August and on the month of February of every year thereafter and prescribing penalties. Other Ipon Fishery Laws in northern Philippines Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) 242 Ban on the exportation of live elvers caught in the Philippine waters in a bid to stop the rapid and rampant exploitations of the anguillid eels in the Philippines FAO carries a penalty of eight imprisonment, confiscation of catch or equivalent to double the export value same, and revocation of fishing and/or permit. years a fine of the export Last July 08, 2012, BFAR seized 46 boxes containing some 2 million elvers (940 kg) at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport in pursuant of FAO 242 series of 2012. The shipment was bound for Hong Kong and was valued $USD 496,320. Republic Act 10654: Amended Fisheries Code 1998 (RA 8550) • SEC. 114. Obstruction of Defined Migration Paths. – It shall be unlawful for any person to obstruct any defined migration path of anadromous, catadromous and other migratory species. Upon a summary finding of administrative liability, the offender shall be punished with an administrative fine of One Hundred Fifty Thousand Pesos (P150,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00), dismantling of the obstruction at the expense of the offender, and the suspension or revocation of the permit or license. RA 10654 cont’d. • Upon conviction by a court of law, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of seven (7) years to twelve (12) years and fine of twice the amount of the administrative fine, dismantling of the obstruction at the expense of the offender, and the suspension or revocation of the permit or license. Perspective • Updating current state of knowledge regarding the freshwater migratory species of the Philippines: species composition, distribution, seasonality, life history, biology, population structure, etc. • Status of migratory species • Status of Fishery Law Thank you… Nico Jose S. Leander, Ph.D. Regional Fisheries Research and Development Center Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Region 3 Diosdado Macapagal Government Center, Maimpis, City of San Fernando, Pampanga Email: [email protected] [email protected]