221 Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of classical taxonomy?
It is based on the study of mainly morphological traits of one or a few specimens.
What is the term used to describe the systematic study that takes into consideration all types of characters including those from classification morphology, anatomy, cytology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, genetics, development (embryology), behaviour, etc. of the whole population instead of a few typological specimens?
New systematics
What is the basis for delimitation of species in new systematics?
All types of biological traits
Which of the following is a characteristic of new systematics?
Inter-relationships are brought out.
What is the importance of systematics and taxonomy in fish biodiversity and fishery assessment and management?
To develop conservation plans and long-term management.
Who is considered the father of Taxonomy?
Linnaeus
What is the term used to describe the study of all types of variations in a species in new systematics?
Variety of traits
Which of the following is a characteristic of classical taxonomy?
Species are delimited on the basis of morphological characters.
What is the term used to describe the delimitation of species on the basis of all types of biological traits in new systematics?
Biological delimitation
Who coined the term 'new systematics'?
Julian Huxley
Which sensory system do fishes utilize to gather information about their environment and communicate with conspecifics?
Olfactory system
What is the term used to describe the study of fish diversity and fishery assessment and management?
Fishery science
What is the primary purpose of the sensory system in fishes?
To gather information about their environment
What is the primary purpose of the olfactory system in fishes?
To detect and identify food sources
What is the role of systematics and taxonomy in fish biodiversity and fishery assessment and management?
To classify and name fish species
What is the term used to describe the systematic study that takes into consideration all types of characters including those from classification morphology, anatomy, cytology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, genetics, development (embryology), behavior, etc. of the whole population instead of a few typological specimens?
New systematics
What is the basis for delimitation of species in new systematics?
Genetic traits
Which type of fish has scales that are made from dentin and enamel, similar to the material teeth are made of?
Placoidscales
Which type of fish has flat scales that do not overlap much on the body?
Ganoidscales
Which type of fish has modified ganoidscales called scutes?
Ganoidscales
Which fins of a fish are used for stability and prevent rolling?
Dorsal fins
Which fins of a fish help in stopping quickly and aid in stabilizing?
Pelvic fins
Which fins of a fish protect the urogenital area and aid in stabilizing?
Anal fins
Which fins of a fish are used for propulsion?
Caudal fin
Which class of fish has an endoskeleton made up of bones?
Osteichthyes
Which class of fish has an endoskeleton made up of cartilage?
Chondrichthyes
Which type of fish has an air bladder for buoyancy?
Bony fish (Osteichthyes)
Which of the following is the correct definition of a fish?
Any animal that lives entirely in the water
Which of the following is a valid definition of a fish?
An aquatic animal with scales and gills
What is the primary function of fish scales?
To provide external protection for the fish
Which of the following is a characteristic of fish scales?
They can be very small in some fish species
What is the hydrodynamic purpose of fish scales?
To reduce friction with the water
Which type of scales are found in sharks and rays?
Placoid scales
What is the main respiratory organ in fish?
Gills
What is the term used to describe an aquatic vertebrate with gills and limbs in the shape of fins?
Fish
Which of the following is a type of fish migration based on the need for feeding ground?
Alimentary or Feeding migration
Which of the following is a reason for vertical fish migration?
Predator avoidance
Which eel species is found in the Northwestern Pacific?
Giant Mottled Eel
What is the purpose of collecting glass eel samples in the study?
To understand the early life history of eels
What is the function of otoliths in fish?
Environmental recording
Which element is of special interest in otolith microchemistry?
Strontium (Sr)
Which type of eel has a higher Sr concentration in seawater compared to freshwater?
Anguillid glass eel
Where is the spawning ground of the giant mottled eel?
West Mariana Ridge
Which river has the shortest migration cycle for the giant mottled eel?
Ya-lu River
Which river has the longest migration cycle for the giant mottled eel?
Cagayan River
Which eel species has a shorter age at recruitment in Ming-chiang River?
Anguilla japonica
Which factor may play an important role in the geographical distribution of A. japonica and A. marmorata in the northwestern Pacific?
Both larval growth rate and metamorphosis timing
Where was the Sr:Ca measurement in the otolith of adult A. marmorata conducted?
Aurora, Philippines
What is the evidence that elvers immediately migrate further inland upon reaching coastal waters?
Low Sr:Ca ratios
Which type of fish migration involves regular, physiologically mediated movements between fresh waters and the sea?
Diadromous
What is the term used to describe the migration of fishes that live in the ocean but migrate to the river to spawn?
Anadromous
Which type of fish migration involves fishes that live in the river but migrate to the ocean to spawn?
Catadromous
Which type of fish migration involves fishes that migrate between the ocean and the river in some part of their life cycle but not to spawn?
Amphidromous
What is the etymology of the term 'diadromous'?
Greek; dia- (“across”) + -dromous (drómos, “running”, “race”)
What is the etymology of the term 'anadromous'?
Ancient Greek ἀνάδρομος (anádromos), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + δρόμοs (drómos, “running”, “race”)
What was the CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) in kg/d for the year 2000?
138.92
Which year had the highest fish harvest in '000 MT?
1999
What was the effort (# of F/B) in the year 2001?
41
What was the total catch of yellowfin tuna in '000 MT for the year 2002?
13,775.44
What was the maximum economic yield (MEY) in the mid-80's?
60
What was the reduction of fishing effort level in the mid-80's?
8000
Which of the following is NOT a method for collecting fishery-dependent data?
Plankton surveys
What do fishing log books and other documents submitted to BFAR contain?
Information on the catch of each species
What do fish sampled from the catches provide information on?
Fish size, age, and maturity
What do plankton surveys typically target?
Younger fish at early developmental stages
What is the purpose of the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP)?
To conduct resource assessment studies
What does the exploitation ratio measure?
The intensity of fishing exerted on a fisheries stock
What is the recommended relationship between fishing mortality and natural mortality?
Fishing mortality should be lower than natural mortality
Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of 'Fish and Fishery/Aquatic Products' under the Fisheries Code?
Marine mammals
What is the second step in the process of Fish Stock Assessment?
Stock assessment
Which group provides science advice for fishery managers based on stock assessment analysis and other scientific activities or information?
Science Advisory Group
What does the Science Advisory Group (SAG) provide advice on?
All of the above
What does the term 'Total Allowable Catch' refer to?
Quota
What type of documents are informed by science advice in the development of fisheries management plans?
National Fisheries Management Plans
What does Fish Stock Assessment aim to understand?
All of the above
Which of the following is true about fish stocks?
Fish stocks can include multiple populations.
What is the purpose of stock assessments?
To evaluate the abundance and productivity of fish stocks.
What do stock assessment models estimate?
The changes in a stock over time.
What do computer simulations in stock assessments test?
The effects of different harvest options and environmental conditions on a stock.
What types of data are used in stock assessments?
Both fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data.
What is the purpose of fishery-dependent data in stock assessments?
To estimate the total weight of all fish in a stock.
What is the purpose of fishery-independent data in stock assessments?
To evaluate the abundance and productivity of fish stocks.
Which of the following is generally regarded as the level needed for replacement of spawning potential ratio (SPR) for a stable population?
50%
Stock assessments can be used to estimate where stock abundance or biomass is in relation to what?
the three stock status zones
What is the purpose of keeping track of how stock abundance or biomass changes over time?
To evaluate the success of conservation measures
What is the maximum value that stock abundance or biomass should generally not exceed?
0.5
What is the term used to describe the proportion of the natural unfished spawning potential remaining at any given level of fishing pressure?
Spawning potential ratio
What is the level needed for replacement of spawning potential ratio (SPR) for a stable population?
50%
What are the three stock status zones used to estimate where stock abundance or biomass is in relation to?
Critical, cautious, healthy
What is the maximum value that stock abundance or biomass should generally not exceed?
0.5
What is the purpose of keeping track of how stock abundance or biomass changes over time?
To evaluate the success of conservation measures
Which agency is the lead in organizing and operationalizing the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) in the Philippines?
Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR)
Who will manage each Fisheries Management Area (FMA) in the Philippines?
Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR)
What is the role of the Local Government Units (LGUs) in the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs)?
To manage and implement regulations of fisheries in municipal waters
Which agency has jurisdiction over municipal waters in the Philippines?
Local Government Units (LGUs)
What is the purpose of the Fisheries Administrative Order No. 263, s. 2019?
To establish the 12 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) in the Philippines
What is the main consideration in delineating the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) in the Philippines?
Stocks boundary/range/distribution
What approach does the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) in the Philippines apply to fisheries management?
Ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM)
What is the role of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs)?
Jurisdiction over NIPAS Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
What is the role of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) in the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs)?
Part of the FMA Management Board to ensure coordination and cooperation
What is the main purpose of managing fisheries at the Fisheries Management Area (FMA) level?
To ensure sustainable fisheries
Which country has the longest coastline in the world?
Canada
What is the depth of the Philippine Trench, also known as the Philippine Deep?
Both A and B
What percentage of municipalities in the Philippines are coastal?
54%
Where is the Galathea Depth located?
Philippine Trench
What percentage of the Philippine population lives in the coastal zone?
62%
What is the main source of animal protein intake in the Philippines?
Marine fisheries
What is the legal definition of the coastal zone in terms of distance from the shoreline?
1 km
What is the jurisdiction of local government in the marine waters seaward of the low water mark?
Up to 15 km
What is the jurisdiction of the national government in the marine waters from the shore up to 200 nautical miles?
Up to 200 km
Which of the following is NOT included in Canada's coastline measurement?
Coasts of inland lakes
Which of the following best defines coastal resource management (CRM)?
A process of planning, implementing, and monitoring sustainable uses of coastal resources through collective action and sound decision-making.
What is the largest average quantity of fish that can be harvested from a fish stocks/resource within a period of time on a sustainable basis under existing environmental conditions?
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Which of the following is NOT an important element of collaborative management or co-management?
Social, cultural, and economic objectives are not considered in the management framework.
What does integrated coastal management (ICM) aim to achieve?
Sustainable use and management of economically and ecologically valuable resources in coastal areas.
What is the term used to describe a fishing aid that employs lights to attract fish and members of their food chain to specific areas in order to harvest them?
Fishing Light Attractor
What are catch ceilings?
The annual catch limits allowed to be taken, gathered or harvested from any fishing area.
What is the purpose of total allowable catch (TAC)?
To determine the maximum harvest allowed to be taken during a given period of time from any fishery area.
What is the main difference between coastal resource management (CRM) and integrated coastal management (ICM)?
CRM emphasizes integration within government, non-government, and environmental realms, while ICM focuses on a specified coastal geographical area or zone.
What does community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) imply?
That individuals, groups, and organizations have a major role, responsibility, and share in the resource management and decision-making process.
What is the main objective of coastal zone management (CZM)?
To achieve sustainable use and management of economically and ecologically valuable resources in coastal areas.
Which of the following best describes coastal resource management (CRM)?
A process of planning, implementing, and monitoring sustainable uses of coastal resources through collective action and sound decision-making.
What is the definition of maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
The largest average quantity of fish that can be harvested from a fish stocks/resource within a period of time on a sustainable basis under existing environmental conditions.
What does total allowable catch (TAC) refer to?
The maximum harvest allowed to be taken during a given period of time from any fishery area, or from any fishery species or group of fishery species.
What is the definition of integrated coastal management (ICM)?
Activities that achieve sustainable use and management of economically and ecologically valuable resources in coastal areas that consider interaction among and within resource systems as well as interaction between humans and their environment.
What is the basis of collaborative management or co-management?
All of the above.
What does community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) imply?
Individuals, groups, and organizations have a major role, responsibility, and share in the resource management and decision-making process.
What is the definition of coastal zone management (CZM)?
Activities that achieve sustainable use and management of valuable resources and land uses in coastal areas as defined through CRM or ICM.
What is the definition of stock assessments?
The process of estimating the abundance or biomass of a fish stock.
What are catch ceilings?
The annual catch limits allowed to be taken, gathered or harvested from any fishing area in consideration of the need to prevent overfishing and harmful depletion of breeding stocks of aquatic organisms.
What is the definition of superlight?
A type of light using halogen or metal halide bulb which may be located above the sea surface or submerged in the water.
Which of the following is NOT a type of marine protected area (MPA) mentioned in the text?
Marine reserve and marine park
What is the main difference between a marine sanctuary and a marine reserve?
Marine sanctuaries have strict sanctuary conditions for the entire area, while marine reserves do not.
What is the main emphasis of a marine park?
All of the above
What is one of the basic criteria for selecting marine protected area sites mentioned in the text?
Relative naturalness
What is the purpose of selecting marine protected area sites based on representativeness?
To include areas with unique ecological functions
What is the main characteristic of marine protected area sites selected based on vulnerability?
Rich resources/biodiversity
What is the main purpose of selecting marine protected area sites based on fisheries value?
To enhance fisheries
What is the main purpose of selecting marine protected area sites based on tourism value?
To enhance recreational uses and tourism revenues
What does the term "social acceptance" refer to in the context of selecting marine protected area sites?
Acceptance by local communities
What is the main purpose of creating and managing marine protected areas?
To protect coastal and marine environment
Which crew member takes on the role and responsibilities of the master fisherman or segundo when needed?
The tersero
How many lambateros are there in one purse seine operation?
20
What is the role of the bodegero in the purse seine crew?
Sorting and storing the catch
Which crew member is responsible for pointing good locations for setting?
The lawagero
What is the role of the boleros in the purse seine crew?
Participating in fishing operations only on some occasions
In the Komon system, how is the total net income in one fishing trip divided?
The operator gets 26.5 shares and the rest is divided among the crewmembers
In the Dyaryo system, how is a small fraction of a night's catch divided among the crewmembers?
The operator gets a variable fraction and the rest is divided among the crewmembers
What is the main responsibility of the pansan or lambateros in the purse seine crew?
Hauling the net and sorting the catch
What is the role of the cook in the purse seine crew?
Cooking
Who becomes the highest-ranking member in some purse seine operations when there is no encargado?
The master fisherman
Approximately what percentage of fishing vessels registered in the Philippines are motorized?
64%
What is the gross tonnage range of non-motorized municipal fishing boats in the Philippines?
0.10-0.2
Which region in the Philippines has the largest number of municipal fishing vessels?
Region VI
Which fishing gear was the most common in the Philippines in 2002, based on the text?
Hook and line
Which of the following sub-sectors of Philippine Fisheries operates within municipal waters using fishing vessels of three (3) gross tons or less, or fishing not requiring the use of fishing vessels?
Municipal marine fisheries
What is the total number of fish species in the Philippine Fisheries, out of which 731 are commercially important?
3,212
What is the total production of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc. in the Philippines?
4.41 million MT
What is the rank of the Philippines in terms of fish and aquatic products production globally?
8th
Which country received the largest bulk of tuna products from the Philippines in terms of volume in 2021?
USA
What was the total value of seaweed exports from the Philippines in 2021?
PhP 207.18 billion
What percentage of the total export value in 2021 did shrimps and prawns contribute?
2.41%
What percentage of the total fish imports in 2021 were fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other prepared or preserved forms?
73.29%
Which country ranked 11th in terms of aquaculture production in 2021?
Philippines
Which region had the highest production in commercial capture fisheries in the Philippines?
Region IX
What is the average annual growth rate of aquaculture production volume in the Philippines?
-1.43%
What percentage of the total fish exports were fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other prepared or preserved forms?
79%
Which region was the top producer of municipal fisheries in 2021 in terms of volume and value of production?
Region XII
What percentage of the marine municipal fisheries production in 2021 came from inland fisheries?
18.16%
What are the top two species in terms of share in the volume of production in the Marine Municipal Fisheries sub-sector in 2021?
Tuna and sardines
What are the top two species in terms of production in the Inland Municipal Fisheries sub-sector in 2021?
Tilapia and snail
According to the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, what is the definition of municipal fisheries?
Fishing activities that involve the use of vessels with 3 gross tons (GT) or less
What are municipal waters in the Philippines?
Marine waters included between two lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline and a third line parallel with the general coastline including offshore inlands and fifteen kilometers from such coastline
Who has jurisdiction over municipal waters in the Philippines?
The municipal/city government
What is the role of the local government in the management of municipal waters?
All of the above
Which crew member is responsible for sorting and storing the catch?
Bodegero
How many lambateros are there in one purse seine operation?
20
Who becomes the highest-ranking member in a purse seine operation if there is no encargado?
Master fisherman
What is the main responsibility of the lawagero in a purse seine operation?
Pointing good locations for setting
How is the total net income divided in the komon system?
Operator gets 26.5 shares, rest divided among crewmembers
What is the main difference between the komon system and the dyaryo system in terms of income distribution?
Fixed income distribution vs. variable income distribution
What type of cartons lined with a plastic film are suggested for short-term storage of seafood products?
Duplex cartons
Which material is generally used for manufacturing containers for fish products globally?
Steel
For thermal processed fish products, what properties should the packaging material have?
Hermetic sealability and toughness
What type of packaging material is recommended for bulk packaging of dried fish due to its strength against punctures?
Polyethylene woven gusseted bags
For consumer packs of dry fish, what materials are commonly used?
Polypropylene
What is one primary packaging material used for butterfly shrimps after they are placed on the EPS tray and frozen?
High barrier plastic film
Which specification is mentioned for polyethylene primary packaging according to FSSAI requirements?
Water vapour transmission rate 18 gm/sqm
What type of board is frequently used for packaging frozen foods and is usually made from fully bleached materials?
Kraft boards
Which type of board has one fully bleached side suitable for direct contact with food and is used for packaging frozen foods?
Folding box boards
What is a common material used for insulating packages for temperature maintenance during air freight shipments?
Dry ice
What is the main reason for freeze-dried products to be generally packed under an inert gas?
To prevent oxidation and color deterioration
Which type of packaging material is NOT recommended for freeze-dried products?
Glass bottles
Which type of packaging material is commonly used for fish pickles due to its properties like inertness and durability?
Plain polyester laminated with LDPE-HDPE co-extruded film
Why are glass bottles conventionally used as containers for fish pickles?
They offer non-permeability to gases and moisture
What is a common disadvantage of using metal cans for freeze-dried products?
They have limited mechanical strength
What is the material used for plastic boxes in air freight packaging of fish?
Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
Which of the following materials is NOT commonly used for insulated containers in air freight packaging of fish?
Polystyrene
In the context of bulk packaging for fresh fish during local transport, what type of container is generally used by cycle hawkers?
U shaped box made of HDPE
Which of the following regions commonly uses wooden boxes for bulk packaging of fresh fish for rail and road transport?
Western India
What is a key advantage of using plastic boxes over wooden and woven bamboo baskets in air freight packaging of fish?
Lower cost
What is the ideal pH level range for Tilapia mentioned in the assessment?
6.5 - 9
Why is the high range pH level considered as Alkaline in the assessment?
Because it is above 7.0
What is the main purpose of collecting a water sample from a freshwater tank?
To evaluate the health of the aquatic environment
What does a Secchi disk measure in an aquatic environment?
Water transparency
Which instrument is commonly used to measure dissolved oxygen levels in water?
DO meter
What is the recommended ammonia concentration for Tilapia in freshwater?
0.5 ppm
At what pH level do Tilapia in the aquatic environment start to face toxicity?
9.0
What nitrite level is considered toxic to fish according to the text?
2.0 mg/L
What is the acceptable nitrate level recommended for freshwater in terms of concentration (ppm)?
40 ppm
What water quality parameter should be kept below 0.02 mg/L to avoid toxicity in fish?
Nitrite concentration
What are the main objectives of the activity described?
Assess turbidity using secchi disk and DO meter
Which step is NOT involved in measuring turbidity using a secchi disk?
Raising the disc until visible and recording reappearance
What procedure involves setting up the DO meter to read Dissolved Oxygen?
Step 1 of measuring turbidity
What is one key aspect assessed in water quality parameter assessment?
Temperature and dissolved oxygen levels
Why is it essential to measure turbidity and dissolved oxygen when evaluating aquatic environment health?
To assess water clarity and oxygen levels for aquatic life
What is the ideal water temperature range for aquatic organism growth according to BFAR (2013)?
26-30°C
What is the minimum acceptable dissolved oxygen level for pond life according to the provided information?
6 mg/L
What is the turbidity range that is considered acceptable for intensive culture systems?
15-40 cm
Which of the following is the best measurement tool for dissolved oxygen in aquatic environments?
Dissolved oxygen meter
According to the given information, which of the following pond's dissolved oxygen level is considered acceptable?
6.66 mg/l
Study Notes
Fish Systematics and Taxonomy: An Overview
- The field of fish systematics is concerned with the study and understanding of the diversification of fishes, both past and present, and the classification of and evolutionary relationships among them.
- Fish systematics is a branch of systematic biology, which is the scientific classification of organisms.
- Taxonomy is a component field of systematics that involves the art and science of describing organisms and the methods of grouping them hierarchically.
- The history of biological classification dates back to ancient times, with Aristotle being the first to classify living things.
- Carl Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature in the 18th century, which is still used today in modern taxonomy.
- The total number of fish species described as of February 2022 is approximately 34,800 according to Fishbase.
- The contemporary systematics of fish is primarily based on morphological traits, but discerning finer differences among strains, races, and biotypes can be challenging.
- DNA-based marker systems, such as whole mitochondrial genome sequences, are being increasingly used in fish systematics to determine evolutionary relationships.
- The field of systematics includes various branches such as numerical systematics, biochemical systematics, and experimental systematics.
- Freshwater fishes constitute approximately 25% of all vertebrates and are an important component of global biodiversity.
- There are over 15,000 freshwater fish species, and taxonomic work is ongoing, with an average of 305 new fish species described per year since 1976.
- The predominant fish families in freshwater are Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Characidae, Loricariidae, and Balitoridae.
Test your knowledge on freshwater fish species in this quiz! Discover interesting facts about the incredible diversity of these aquatic creatures and learn about the ongoing taxonomic work in this field. Challenge yourself and see how well you know the world of freshwater fishes.
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