Bioscience Past Paper - Korea University

## 생명과학의 세계 ### **The World of Bioscience** ### **Korea University** ## 주차 02 ### 01. 생명체의 기본단위 세포는 어떻게 소통할까? ### **: 세포의 기본 개념 (2)** ### **01. HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELL (2)** ### **02주차** ### **01차시 | 세포의 기본 개념 (2)** #### **...

## 생명과학의 세계 ### **The World of Bioscience** ### **Korea University** ## 주차 02 ### 01. 생명체의 기본단위 세포는 어떻게 소통할까? ### **: 세포의 기본 개념 (2)** ### **01. HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELL (2)** ### **02주차** ### **01차시 | 세포의 기본 개념 (2)** #### **학습목표** 1. Can understand the characteristics of cells. 2. Can explain the composition of body fluids. 3. Can explain the homeostasis of body fluids. #### **학습내용** 1. Distribution and composition of body fluids. 2. Characteristics of intracellular and extracellular solutions. 3. Importance of maintaining body fluids. #### **Physiology** - Physiology is the study of the function of organisms as integrated systems of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs, in health and disease - Physiology is one of the cornerstones of medicine - Physiology is the study of how the body works, the ways in which cells, organs and the whole body functions, and how these functions are maintained in a changing environment - Cellular physiology is the study of the cellular components that primarily determines organ function - Systems physiology is the study of the coordinated and networked that determine whole body function and adaption to change #### **Basic principles of cellular physiology** - Body fluids, which particular emphasis on the differences in composition of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid - Creation of these concentration differences by transport processes in cell membranes - The origin of the electrical potential difference across cell membranes, particularly in excitable cells such as nerve and muscle - Generation of action potentials and their propagation in excitable cells - Transmission of information between cells across synapses and the role of neurotransmitters - The mechanisms that couple the action potentials to contraction in muscle cells #### **In this lecture, we will learn....** - **Body fluid compartment** - **Membrane transport** - **Special cell communications** #### **Volume and composition of body fluids** - **Body as an open system** - Body exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings - Diagram of the body with the following parts labeled: - **Digestive system** - **Respiratory system** - **Heart** - **Circulatory system** - **Blood (cells + plasma)** - **Cell** - **Interstitial Fluid** - **Urinary system** - **Internal environment** - **External environment** #### **Total Body Water (TBW)** - Diagram of a newborn, a male adult and a female adult with water level indicators. - Newborn - 80% - Male adult - 60% - Female adult - 50% - **Aging?** #### **Water Tank Analogy** - Water Tank diagram. - Diagram labeled with the following: - **Digestive system** - **Nutrients** - **Salts** - **Water** - **Respiratory System** - **Heart** - **O2 in CO out** - **Circulatory System** - **Blood (cells + plasma)** - **Cell** - **Interstitial Fluid** - **Urinary System** - **Unabsorbed matter** - **Organic waste** - **Salts** - **Water** - **Internal environment** - **External environment** - **Maintaining water homeostasis is a balancing act.** - **The amount of water taken in much equal the amount of water lost.** #### **Daily intake and output of water (2.5 L / day)** - **Prolonged, heavy exercise ?** - Diagram displaying the amount of water ingested and expelled daily. - **Metabolism - 10%** - **Foods - 30%** - **Beverages - 60%** - **Feces - 4%** - **Sweat - 8%** - **Insensible losses via skin and lungs - 28%** - **Urine - 60%** #### **Daily intake and output of water (2.5 L / day)** - **Heavy exercise** - Diagram of a water tank showing the intake and outflow of water. - **Supply Rate - 2.5 L** - **Inventory Level - 42 L** - **Demand Rate - 2.5 L** - **Inventory Level - 42 L** - **Same flow in** - **More water in the tank** - **Outflow matches inflow** - **Restricted outflow** #### **Distribution of water in the body** - Diagram displaying the distribution of water in the body. - **Total body mass (male)** - **Solids - 45%** - **Fluids - 55%** - **Solids - 40%** - **Fluids - 60%** - **Intracellular fluid (ICF) - 2/3** - **Extracellular fluid (ECF) - 1/3** - **Interstitial fluid - 80%** - **Plasma - 25%** - **Tissue cells** - **Blood capillary** - **(a) Distribution of body water in an average lean, adult female and male** - **(b) Exchange of water among body fluid compartments** #### **Fluid Compartments** - **Water occupies two main fluid compartments:** - **Intracellular fluid (ICF): 40%** - **Extracellular fluid (ECF): 20%** #### **Body Fluid Compartments** - **Capillary wall** - **Blood cells** - **Blood vessel** - **Cell membrane** - **Plasma** - **Interstitial fluid** - **Intracellular fluid** - The extracellular fluid compartment (ECF) is subdivided into plasma and interstitial fluid. **Material moving between cells and ECF must cross the cell membrane.** - **ECF 5%** - **IF 15%** - **ICF 40%** #### **Body Fluid Compartments** - **The extracellular fluids (ECF): 1/3 TBF** - ECF 20% total body weight (plasma 5%, Interstitial fluid 15%) - **The intracellular fluids (ICF): 2/3 TBF** - ICF 40% total body weight #### **Intracellular fluid (ICF)** - **Inside of the cell** - **2/3 of TBW** - **High concentration of proteins** #### **Extracellular fluid (ECF)** - **Outside of the cell** - **1/3 of TBW** - **1- Plasma:** Fluid circulating in the blood vessels, 1/4 of ECF. - **2-Interstitial fluid:** Fluid bathing the cell. Ultra filtration of plasma. 3/4 of ECF - **Plasma and interstitial fluid are almost having the same composition except for high protein concentration in plasma** #### **Composition of Body Fluids** - **Water is the universal solvent** - **Electrolytes** - inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins - **Nonelectrolytes** - examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea - **Amount = in moles, osmoles** #### **Approximate compositions of ECF and ICF** - **Extracellular fluid (plasma)** - **Na+ - 142 mmol/l** - **K+ - 4 mmol/l** - **Ca2+ - 2 mmol/l** - **Mg2+ - 1 mmol/l** - **CI- - 105 mmol/l** - **HCO3- - 27 mmol/l** - **Phosphates - 1 mmol/l** - **Protein - 70 g/l** - **Osmolarity - 290 mosm/l** - **Intracellular fluid** - **Na+ - 10 mmol/l** - **K+ - 160 mmol/l** - **Ca+ - <0.01 mmol/l** - **Mg2+ - 13 mmol/l** - **CI- - 3 mmol/l** - **HCO3- - 10 mmol/l** - **Phosphates - 100 mmol/l** - **Protein - 200 g/l** - **Osmolarity - 290 mosm/l** #### **Electroneutrality of body fluid compartments** - **Each compartment must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions)** - **Extracellular fluid must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions)** - **Intracellular fluid must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions + a)** #### **Electroneutrality of body fluid compartments** - **Extracellular fluid of body fluid compartments** - **Sodium (Na+) is the chief cation** - **Chloride is the chief anion** - **Intracellular fluid has low sodium and chloride** - **Potassium (K+) is the chief cation** - **Phosphate is the chief anion** - **High concentration of protein (act as anion)** #### **Continuous change of body fluids (homeostasis)** - Diagram showing the circulatory system of the body, highlighting the continuous flow of blood, oxygen, and nutrients between the lungs, kidneys, digestive system, and cells in the body. The following body parts are labeled: - **Lungs** - **Blood plasma** - **Kidneys** - **Gastrointestinal tract** - **Interstitial fluid** - **Intracellular fluid** #### **Creation of concentration differences across cell membranes** - Diagram displaying a single cell membrane. - **Na+** - **K+ ? Na+** - **K+** - **By energy-consuming transport mechanisms** - **Ex. Na+-K+-ATPase ** #### **학습정리** - Cells are the basic building blocks of human body. - Intracellular and extracellular fluids are different. - Intracellular and extracellular fluids should be maintained. ## **출처 및 참고문헌** - **[출처01]** Researchgate, [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cellular-communication-and-homeostasisA-Unicellular-organisms-can-perform-all-the_fig1_316097646](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cellular-communication-and-homeostasisA-Unicellular-organisms-can-perform-all-the_fig1_316097646) - **[출처02]** [https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/riverside-college/theoretical-foundation-of-nursing/fe-module-lesson-1-students/31436179](https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/riverside-college/theoretical-foundation-of-nursing/fe-module-lesson-1-students/31436179) - **[출처03]** King Saud University, [https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/abir-bch_445-lect_7_body_water.pdf](https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/abir-bch_445-lect_7_body_water.pdf) - **[출처04]** Sandiegohealth, [https://sandiegohealth.org/how-long-does-it-take-to-die-from-brain-death/](https://sandiegohealth.org/how-long-does-it-take-to-die-from-brain-death/) - **[출처05]** Kaizen Institute, [https://in.kaizen.com/blog/post/2015/03/31/inventory-management-manage-inventories-to-manage-cash-flow](https://in.kaizen.com/blog/post/2015/03/31/inventory-management-manage-inventories-to-manage-cash-flow) - **[출처06]** Skeptical Science, [https://skepticalscience.com/graphics/co2SaturationMyth_WaterTankAnalogy.jpg](https://skepticalscience.com/graphics/co2SaturationMyth_WaterTankAnalogy.jpg) - **[출처07]** John Wiley & Sons, Inc, [https://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/samples/9781615047338_sample.pdf](https://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/samples/9781615047338_sample.pdf) - **[출처08]** biologyonline, [https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/body-fluid](https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/body-fluid) - **[출처09]** University of California, Berkeley, [https://nature.berkeley.edu/~dnomura/pdf/Lecture2AbsorptionDistribution.pdf](https://nature.berkeley.edu/~dnomura/pdf/Lecture2AbsorptionDistribution.pdf) - **[출처10]** SemmelweisUniversity, [https://semmelweis.hu/bokayklinika//files/2020/09/vatai_barbara_korszeru_csecsemo-es_gyermekkori_folyadekterapia.pdf](https://semmelweis.hu/bokayklinika//files/2020/09/vatai_barbara_korszeru_csecsemo-es_gyermekkori_folyadekterapia.pdf) - **[출처11]** allthescience, [https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-the-cell-cycle.htm](https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-the-cell-cycle.htm) - **[출처12]** Wikipedia, [https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EA%B3%A0.png](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EA%B3%A0.png) - **[출처13]** [https://slideplayer.com/slide/14230795/](https://slideplayer.com/slide/14230795/) - **[출처14]** Getty Images Bank 1166773589 - **[출처15]** Getty Images Bank 93462481