Korea University Bioscience Lecture Notes PDF

# 생명과학의 세계 ## 주차 02 ### 01. 생명체의 기본단위 세포는 어떻게 소통할까? - 세포의 기본 개념 (2) - HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELL (2) ### 학습목표 1. Can understand the characteristics of cells. 2. Can explain the composition of body fluids. 3. Can explain the homeostasis...

# 생명과학의 세계 ## 주차 02 ### 01. 생명체의 기본단위 세포는 어떻게 소통할까? - 세포의 기본 개념 (2) - HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELL (2) ### 학습목표 1. Can understand the characteristics of cells. 2. Can explain the composition of body fluids. 3. Can explain the homeostasis of body fluids. ### 학습내용 1. Distribution and composition of body fluids. 2. Characteristics of intracellular and extracellular solutions. 3. Importance of maintaining body fluids. ## Physiology - Physiology is the study of the function of organisms as integrated systems of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs, in health and disease. - Physiology is one of the cornerstones of medicine. - Physiology is the study of how the body works, the ways in which cells, organs and the whole body functions, and how these functions are maintained in a changing environment. - Cellular physiology is the study of the cellular components that primarily determines organ function. - Systems physiology is the study of the coordinated and networked that determine whole body function and adaption to change. ## Basic principles of cellular physiology - Body fluids, which particular emphasis on the differences in composition of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. - Creation of these concentration differences by transport processes in cell membranes. - The origin of the electrical potential difference across cell membranes, particularly in excitable cells such as nerve and muscle. - Generation of action potentials and their propagation in excitable cells. - Transmission of information between cells across synapses and the role of neurotransmitters. - The mechanisms that couple the action potentials to contraction in muscle cells. ## In this lecture, we will learn... - Body fluid compartment - Membrane transport - Special cell communications ## Volume and composition of body fluids - Body as an open system: Body exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings. The image describes the exchange of materials and energy between the body and the environment through the digestive system, the respiratory system, the heart, the circulatory system, and the urinary system. ## Total Body Water (TBW) The image displays percentage of total body weight of water in newborn infants, adult males, and adult females. ## Water Tank Analogy The image demonstrates a water tank analogy to explain the concept of water homeostasis. ## Daily intake and output of water (2.5 L / day) Two pictures are displayed. The first image shows the average daily intake and output of fluids for an individual, and the second image illustrates the concept of water homeostasis by using a water tank analogy. ## Distribution of water in the body - The image graphically illustrates the distribution of water in the body between solids and fluids. - The second figure depicts the exchange of water among different fluid compartments. ## Fluid Compartments - Water occupies two main fluid compartments: - Intracellular fluid (ICF): 40% - Extracellular fluid (ECF): 20% - Plasma: 5% - Interstitial fluid (IF): 15% ## Body Fluid Compartments - The extracellular fluids (ECF): 1/3 TBF - ECF 20% total body weight (plasma 5%, Interstitial fluid 15%) - The intracellular fluids (ICF): 2/3 TBF - ICF 40% total body weight ## Intracellular fluid (ICF) - Inside of the cell - 2/3 of TBW - High concentration of proteins ## Extracellular fluid (ECF) - Outside of the cell - 1/3 of TBW - 1-Plasma: Fluid circulating in the blood vessels, 1/4 of ECF. - 2-Interstitial fluid: Fluid bathing the cell. Ultra filtration of plasma. 3/4 of ECF - Plasma and interstitial fluid are almost having the same composition except for high protein concentration in plasma. ## Composition of Body Fluids - Water is the universal solvent - Electrolytes - inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins - Nonelectrolytes - examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea - Amount = in moles, osmoles ## Approximate compositions of ECF and ICF The image displays the approximate compositions of ECF and ICF. ## Electroneutrality of body fluid compartments - Each compartment must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions) - Extracellular fluid must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions). - Intracellular fluid must have almost the same concentration of positive charges (cations) as negative charges (anions + a) - Extracellular fluid of body fluid compartments - Sodium (Na+) is the chief cation - Chloride is the chief anion - Intracellular fluid has low sodium and chloride - Potassium (K+) is the chief cation - Phosphate is the chief anion - High concentration of protein (act as anion) ## Continuous change of body fluids (homeostasis) The picture shows how blood flows through the lungs, removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen. It then shows how the blood travels to the gastrointestinal tract where it picks up nutrients which are transported to the cells. The blood then moves to the kidneys where it is filtered to remove waste products before returning to the tissues and repeat the cycle. ## Creation of concentration differences across cell membranes The image shows a cell membrane with a door that is open to show the flow of Na+ from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid and K+ from the intracellular fluid into the extracellular fluid. - By energy-consuming transport mechanisms - Ex. Na+-K+-ATPase ## 학습정리 - Cells are the basic building blocks of human body. - Intracellular and extracellular fluids are different. - Intracellular and extracellular fluids should be maintained. ## 출처 및 참고문헌 - Researchgate, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cellular-communication-and-homeostasisA-Unicellular-organisms-can-perform-all-the_fig1_316097646 - https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/riverside-college/theoretical-foundation-of-nursing/fe-module-lesson-1-students/31436179 - King Saud University, https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/abir-bch_445-lect_7_body_water.pdf - Sandiegohealth, https://sandiegohealth.org/how-long-does-it-take-to-die-from-brain-death/ - Kaizen Institute, https://in.kaizen.com/blog/post/2015/03/31/inventory-management-manage-inventories-to-manage-cash-flow - Skeptical Science, https://skepticalscience.com/graphics/co2SaturationMyth_WaterTankAnalogy.jpg - John Wiley & Sons, Inc, https://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/samples/9781615047338_sample.pdf - biologyonline, https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/body-fluid - University of California, Berkeley, https://nature.berkeley.edu/~dnomura/pdf/Lecture2AbsorptionDistribution.pdf - SemmelweisUniversity, https://semmelweis.hu/bokayklinika//files/2020/09/vatai_barbara_korszeru_csecsemo-es_gyermekkori_folyadekterapia.pdf - allthescience, https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-the-cell-cycle.htm - Wikipedia, https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EA%B3%A0.png - https://slideplayer.com/slide/14230795/ - Getty Images Bank 1166773589 - Getty Images Bank 93462481