02-intro-cogn-psych-handout.pdf

Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Processes – PSYCH 24300 Carolina Lopera-Oquendo...

Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Processes – PSYCH 24300 Carolina Lopera-Oquendo Department of Psychology September 5, 2024 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 1 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Outline 1. Cognitive Psychology 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Philosophical Origins of Psychology 2. Early Studies In Cog. Psych. 2.1 Study of the Reaction Time 2.2 Structuralism and Analytic Introspection 2.3 Functionalism and Associationism 3. Behaviorism 4. Cognitive Psychology Revolution 4.1 Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 4.2 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s 4.3 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 2 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Learning goals 1. Explain how cognitive psychology defines the "mind". 2. Describe the different approaches in their early attempts to study the mind. 3. Contrast Behaviorism approach with approaches that measure behaviors 4. Identify the major historical events that led to the "cognitive revolution". 5. Identify the scope of contemporary cognitive psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 3 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Questions that we will explore in this chapter 1. What is cognitive psychology? 2. How did psychology develop as a science? 3. How did cognitive psychology develop from psychology? 4. How have other disciplines contributed to the development of theory and research in cognitive psychology? 5. What was the cognitive revolution? 6. What are the current issues and various fields of study within cognitive psychology? Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 4 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Outline 1. Cognitive Psychology 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Philosophical Origins of Psychology 2. Early Studies In Cog. Psych. 2.1 Study of the Reaction Time 2.2 Structuralism and Analytic Introspection 2.3 Functionalism and Associationism 3. Behaviorism 4. Cognitive Psychology Revolution 4.1 Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 4.2 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s 4.3 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 7 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions What is Cognitive Psychology? 1. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental process, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates. 2. Cognition is ubiquitous which makes cognitive psychology relevant in several areas 3. As a Scientific Discipline, cognitive psychology develops - Develop in a dialectical way Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 8 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions Methods of Cognitive Psychology - Several metods are employed to study mental processes - Data collection methods - Self-report - Observation - Behavioral Measures - Brain Imagining - Two widely used research designs - Case study - Experiments Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 9 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions Class activity: Question with Short Answer What is an Experiment? An experiment is a study in which an intervention is deliberately introduce to observe its effects/ Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 10 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions Distinction From Other Psychological Areas - A scientific disciplin can usually be diviede into 1. Basic areas - e.g., biological pyschology, social psychology 2. Applied areas - e.g., clinical psychology, educational psychology 3. Methodological areas - e.g., experimental psychology, quantitative psychology - Cognitive psychology is a basic area Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 11 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions Distinction From Other Psychological Areas - Cognitive Psychology overlaps with several other disciplines concerning cognition - Cognitive Neuropsychology - study of the structure and function of the brain as it relates to cognition - Cognitive Neuroscience - study of the neural mechanisms of cognition - Cognitive Sciences - Interdisciplinary approach to understanding the mind - Combines aspects of cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, neuroscience, psycholinguistics, computer science, etc. - Computational Cognitive Science - Developing computational models to understand human cognition Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 12 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Definitions Earliest Roots of Psychology Two approaches to understanding the human mind: 1. Philosophy - Seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences. - Rationalism vs. Empiricist 2. Physiology - Seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical methods. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 13 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Philosophical Origins of Psychology Rationalism vs. Empiricism 1. Rationalist (e.g Plato) - The route to acquire knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. - A rationalist who is interested in cognitive processes would appeal to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. - Rationalism is important in theory 2. Empiricist (e.g Aristotle). - The route to acquire knowledge is via empirical evidence. - To explore how the human mind works, empiricists would design experiments and conduct studies in which they could observe the behavior and processes of interest to them. - Empiricism leads directly to empirical investigations of psychology. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 14 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Philosophical Origins of Psychology Synthesis - The contrasting ideas of rationalism and empiricism became prominent with: - French rationalist René Descartes (1596–1650): Introspective (reflective method) as superior than empirical methods. - British empiricist John Locke (1632–1704): Empirical observation. Study of learning was the key to understanding the human mind. - Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke. - In 1800s ideas about the mind were dominated by the belief that it is not possible to study the mind (rationalism) - Mind cannot being study itself - Mind properties can not be measured Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 15 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Outline 1. Cognitive Psychology 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Philosophical Origins of Psychology 2. Early Studies In Cog. Psych. 2.1 Study of the Reaction Time 2.2 Structuralism and Analytic Introspection 2.3 Functionalism and Associationism 3. Behaviorism 4. Cognitive Psychology Revolution 4.1 Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 4.2 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s 4.3 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 16 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Study of the Reaction Time Franciscus Donders (1818-1889) and Reaction Time - First Cognitive Psychology Experiment 1886 - Research purpose - How long it takes for a person to make a decision? - Research Method - Simple and choice reaction time - Presenting stimulus ! behavioral response Donders’s Experiment - Outcome - Time to take a decision = Simple reaction time - Choice reaction time - 1/10 of a second - Importance - Illustrate mental process cannot measure directly, but must be inferred from behavior. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 17 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Structuralism and Analytic Introspection Overview - Dominated psychology until early 1900s - Seeks to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation). - Interested in how those elementary components work together to create the mind. - Introduce the analytic introspection - Moving from rationalism to empiricism (observe behaviors to draw conclusions) - Technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 18 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Structuralism and Analytic Introspection Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Structuralism and Sensations - First laboratory of scientific psychology (1789) - Research purpose - Description of the basic elements of experience - Research method: Analytic Introspection - Described thought processes in response to stimuli. - Contribution - Studying behavior and the mind under controlled conditions. Figure 1: Wilhelm - Challenges/disadvantages of Introspection Wundt Probably - People may struggle to express thoughts clearly Thinking About or accurately. Structuralism - Verbalizing thoughts can change thinking process. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 19 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism Overview - Functionalism - Seeks to understand what people do and why they do it - Focus on study the processes of thought rather than to study the structural contents and elements of the mind. - Emphasizes the importance of empirical and rational thought over trial-and-error experimentation. - Particularly interested in the practical applications of their research - Pragmatism. - Knowledge is validated by its usefulness - What people do and how we can use that knowledge - Associationism - Examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 20 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism Hermann Ebbinghaus’s (1850-1909) Forgetting Curves - First associationist experimenter, University of Berlin (1885-1913) - Research purpose - Determining the nature of memory and forgetting—specifically - Research method - Quantitative method using himself as participant - Nonsense syllabus "DAX, QEH, LUH" Figure 2: Ebbinhaus - Results Ebbinhaus’s Saving Curves Probably Trying to - Importance Remember Nonsense - Memory could be quantified Syllables - Property of the mind: the ability to retain information Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 21 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism Class Activity: Reflection Activity How might you apply Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve to develop a more effective study schedule for retaining information over time? Consider factors like the timing and frequency of review sessions. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 22 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism Class Activity: Reflection Activity How might you apply Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve to develop a more effective study schedule for retaining information over time? Consider factors like the timing and frequency of review sessions. A more effective study schedule based on Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve would involve spaced repetition. This means reviewing the material at gradually increasing intervals after the initial learning session. For example: - First Review: Review the material shortly after the initial learning, to reinforce the information before significant forgetting occurs. - Second Review: Review again a few days later to strengthen the memory and slow down the forgetting process. - Subsequent Reviews: Continue reviewing the material at longer intervals (e.g., one week, two weeks, and then a month) to maintain retention over time. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 23 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949) and Satisfaction - Associationist - Believed that “satisfaction” is key to forming associations. - Law of effect (1905) - A stimulus will lead to a certain response if the organism is rewarded for that response over time. - An organism learns to act a certain way (the effect) in a situation if it is repeatedly rewarded for doing so (the satisfaction, which encourages future actions). - His work on learning theory that leads to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 24 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Functionalism and Associationism William James’s (1842-1910) and Principles of Psychology. - Functionalist and "Father of American Psychology" - First educator to offer a course of Psychology (1872) - Seminal Book, Principles of Psychology (1890) - Observations about the operation of his own mind, instead of experiments (perceptive observations) - Considered many topics, thinking, Figure 3: William consciousness, attention, memory, perception, James Waiting You imagination, and reasoning. to Learn Psychology - He gives us ideas as "the stream of thought" or "stream of consciousness" Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 25 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Outline 1. Cognitive Psychology 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Philosophical Origins of Psychology 2. Early Studies In Cog. Psych. 2.1 Study of the Reaction Time 2.2 Structuralism and Analytic Introspection 2.3 Functionalism and Associationism 3. Behaviorism 4. Cognitive Psychology Revolution 4.1 Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 4.2 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s 4.3 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 26 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) and Behaviorism - Criticized analytic introspection. - Foundation of Behaviorism (1913) - Sujective experience is rejected as proper topic of study - Psychology should limited to purely objective, experimental, and observable phenomenons. - Behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind. - Shifting the emphasis of experimental research from human to animal Figure 4: Watson Not - Conducted the (in)famous experiment "Little Amused By Analytic Albert" (1920) Instrospection - Little Albert Video - Emotional responses could be explained by classical conditional Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 27 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Class Activity: Reflection activity - Why use animals for research? - What problems does This approach Have? Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 28 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Class Activity: Reflection activity - Why use animals for research? - Understanding Basic Biological Processes - Modeling Human Diseases - Ethical Considerations (early-stage research, testing new drugs or surgical techniques) - Controlled Environments - What problems does This approach Have? - Ethical Concerns - Differences Between Species (differences in physiology, anatomy, and genetics. This can limit the applicability of findings to human health.) - Generalization Issues (leading to oversimplified conclusions.) - Public Opposition - Regulatory and Legal Restrictions Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 29 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Burrhus F. Skinner (1904- 1990) and Operant Conditioning - A radical behaviorist - All forms of human behavior could be explained by reactions to the environment - Reject mental mechanism. - Mind as a black box. - Internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not observable. - Introduced the Operant conditioning Figure 5: A Pigeon - Behavior is strengthened or weakened based on Reinforced by Skinner a reinforcement (punishment or reward) - Stimulus ! Response ! Reinforcement - Types of Operant Conditioning - Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 30 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Class Activity: Question with short answer What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Answer: Classical conditioning is stimulus-stimulus association, operant conditioning is behavior-consequence association Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 31 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Criticisms of Behaviorism I - Limited scope and reductionism - Struggle to account for complex mental activities - Reduced human behavior to simple cause-and-effect relationships, ignoring the complexity of human experience - Neglect of internal process: - Overlooked internal mental states (thoughts, emotions, and motivations) - Ethical concerns: - Behaviorism techniques raised ethical questions about the treatment and welfare of subjects. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 32 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Criticisms of Behaviorism II - Overemphasis on Environment: - Strong emphasis on environmental stimuli and reinforcement, downplaying the role of genetics and innate factors. - Inadequate explanation of language acquisition an production - Skinner vs. Chomsky’s (1959); language ideas - Bandura (1977); peer-relationships Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 33 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Outline 1. Cognitive Psychology 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Philosophical Origins of Psychology 2. Early Studies In Cog. Psych. 2.1 Study of the Reaction Time 2.2 Structuralism and Analytic Introspection 2.3 Functionalism and Associationism 3. Behaviorism 4. Cognitive Psychology Revolution 4.1 Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 4.2 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s 4.3 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 34 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology Edward Chance Tolman’s Cognitive Maps (1918-1954) - Forefather of modern cognitive psychology - Unviversity of California, Berkeley. - Early cognitive psychologist who used behavior to infer mental process. - Reject radical behaviorimsm - Conducted an Experiment (1939) to infer mental processes from behavior Tolman’s Maze and Cognitive Mapping Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 35 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology Tolman’s Cognitive Maps - Tolman’s explanation of this result: - Rat developed a cognitive map - The map helped to navigate to a specific arm, even when starting the maze form a different location - Challenge the behaviorist perspective: - Cognitive responses, beyond stimulus–response connections, might be occurring in the rat’s mind. - Learning could occur without direct reinforcement and involved more complex cognitive processes. - Importance: - Marked the resurgence of the study of mind in psychology. - Understanding complex cognitive behaviors requires not only measuring observable behavior but also considering what this behavior reveals about mental processes. Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 36 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology Class Activity: Questions with Short Answer - What would behaviorist predict would happen in the Tolman’s Experiment? - What did happen? Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 37 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology Class Activity: Answers - What would behaviorist predict would happen in the Tolman’s Experiment? - Behaviorist would predict that the rat would turn right because they learned that right turn = food - What did happen? - The rats went left to the arm that had food, indicating they had formed a cognitive map of the maze Tolman’s Cognitive Maps Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 38 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Scientific Revolution - Thomas Kuhn (1963) defined a scientific revolution as a shift from one paradigm to another, - Paradigm is a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time (Dyson, 2012). - A scientific revolution, therefore, involves a paradigm shift (e.g. relativity theory, Marxism, and Cognitive Revolution in Psychology). Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 39 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Paradigms in Psychology - Previous Paradigm: Behaviorism - Focused on observable behaviors and dismissed the study of mental processes. - Psychology was dominated by experiments studying how behavior is affected by rewards and punishments Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 40 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Class Activity: Reflection Activity - What do you believe are the most important three events that contributed to the “cognitive revolution”? - List each event and explain why you believe it was important. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 41 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Paradigms in Psychology - New Paradigm (1950s): The Cognitive Revolution - Reintroduced the study of the mind, emphasizing internal mental processes like attention, thinking, memory, and problem-solving. - Cognitive revolution was influenced by: - Cognitive Neuroscience - Research discoveries regarding memory, learning, and attention - Invention of digital computers - Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory - Term of Cognitive Psychology coined by Ulric Neisser (1967) - Emphasized the information-processing approach to studying the mind Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 42 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Attention and Flow Diagrams - 1954. IBM launch the first computer for general public - Flow Diagrams for Computers - Information processing approach to study the mind - Way to study the mind based on insights associate with the digital computer - Operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 43 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Attention and Flow Diagrams II - Flow Diagrams for the Mind Flow Diagrams of Computers vs. Mind - Researchers began to explore how well the mind can deal with incoming information - Colin Cherry (1953) - Conducted the "Cherry Experiment Attention" or "Cocktail Party Experiment" - Participants listened to two simultaneous messages from a single loudspeaker and attempted to separate them. - Subject used physical differences between the various auditory messages to select the one of interest - Donald Broadbent (1958) - Developed a flow diagram of mind - Introduced a model to analyze mental operations as a sequence of processing stages, which could be tested through further experiments. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 44 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution Cognitive Revolution in Psychology: 1950s Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory - John McCarthy (1955) - Defined artificial intelligence as a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving - Herb Simon and Alan Newell, Carnegie Institute of Technology - Computer program logic theorist that could create proofs for problems in logic - George Miller(1956), Harvard University - Presented the idea that there are limits to a human’s ability to process information (seven time) Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 45 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Studying Higher Mental Processes Figure 6: Atkison & Shifrin (1969) Model of Memory Figure 7: Long-Term Memory Model (1972, 1985) Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 46 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Studying the Physiology of Cognition - Neuropsychology - The study of the behavior of people with brain damage, has been offered insights into the functioning of the brain since the 1800s. - Electrophysiology - Measuring electrical responses of the nervous system, allows monitoring the activity of single neurons. - Most of this research was done on animals. - Brain Imagining: - Positron Emission Tomography (PET, 1976), enable visualization of areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), provides detail images of brain activity - Electroencephalogram (EEG), measures electrical activity in the brain Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 47 / 53 Cognitive Psychology Early Studies In Cog. Psych. Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Revolution The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology New Perspectives on Behavior - Development of more sophisticated flow diagrams of the mind, alongside a focus on higher mental processes, and also a large amount of physiological research. - Increasingly emphasizes of research on cognition in “real-world” situations. - Experiments have demonstrated the importance of knowledge in cognitive process. Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 48 / 53 Donders’s Experiment Figure 8: Sequence of events in Donders’s experiments Franciscus Donders and Reaction Time Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 49 / 53 Ebbinhaus’s Saving Curves Figure 9: Ebbinhaus’s Saving Scores Figure 10: Ebbinhaus’s Saving Curves Hermann Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curves Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 50 / 53 Types of Operant Conditioning Table 1: Types of Operant Conditioning Positive Consequences Negative Consequences Addition Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Removal Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement Table 2: Examples Types of Operant Conditioning Positive Consequences Negative Consequences Addition Praising; receiving money Detention Removal Pay a fine; Not allow to take Exempts weekly quizzes a break Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 51 / 53 Tolman’s Maze and Cognitive Mapping Class Activity: Questions with Short Answer Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 52 / 53 Flow Diagrams of Computers vs. Mind Attention and Flow Diagrams Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology 53 / 53