Anatomy & Physiology Introduction Notes PDF

Introduction Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Gross anatomy: Large structures Easily observable Microscopic anatomy: Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Physiology...

Introduction Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Gross anatomy: Large structures Easily observable Microscopic anatomy: Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Structural Organization Levels Organ Systems Overview Integumentary System Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ Systems Overview Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood c ell formation Stores minerals Organ Systems Overview Muscular System Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Organ Systems Overview Nervous System Fast acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Organ Systems Overview Endocrine System Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Organ Systems Overview Cardiovascular System Transports materials in body via the blood pumped by the heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Organ Systems Overview Lymphatic System Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity by destroying bacteria and tumor cells Organ Systems Overview Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Organ Systems Overview Digestive System Breaks down food Allow for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Organ Systems Overview Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Organ Systems Overview Reproductive System Production of offspring Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding. Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures Anatomical position: The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. Directional Terms: Itis used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another. Directional Terms Directional Terms Body Landmarks Body Planes Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Quadrants Other Body Cavities Characteristics of Life Necessary Life Functions: Maintain Boundaries ✓ Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment, the skin and membranes Movement ✓ Locomotion ✓ Movement of substances Responsiveness ✓ Ability to sense changes and react Digestion ✓ Break-down and delivery of nutrients Characteristics of Life Necessary Life Functions: Metabolism ✓ Production of energy ✓ Making body structures Excretion ✓ Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction ✓ Production of future generation ✓ Provides new cells for growth and repair Growth ✓ Increasing of cell size and number Characteristics of Life Survival Needs: Nutrients ✓ Chemicals for energy and cell building ✓ Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen ✓ Required for chemical reactions Water ✓ 60–80%of body weight ✓ Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment or a dynamic state of equilibrium in a constantly changing external environment. Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life. Homeostatic Imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease. Feedback Mechanisms The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Components: 1. Variable The variable is the factor or event being regulated. 2. Receptor The receptor is some type of sensor that monitors and responds to the changes called stimuli by sending information (input) to the control center. Feedback Mechanisms Components: 3. Control Center The control center determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or a course of action. 4. Effector The effector provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. Feedback Mechanisms Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms This result when a change in condition triggers action that reverses the change Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Positive Feedback Mechanisms This result in having the body reacts to a change by amplifying it Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby Feedback Mechanisms Feedback Mechanisms