01-Module-PPT-The-Self-from-Various-Perspectives.pdf

SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES JGCL GEC 101 - UTS VARIOUS SELF FROM PERSPECTIVES UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 ...

SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES JGCL GEC 101 - UTS VARIOUS SELF FROM PERSPECTIVES UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES WHO ARE YOU? How many times have you been asked this question? In how many ways have you answered? Why is this important? PONDER JGCL  MIND-BODY DUALITY UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Consists of physical material Consists of spiritual essence Exists in the metaphysical world Exists in the empirical world Perfect soul Imperfect body Thoughts, truth Senses, deceptive JGCL  PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES SOCRATES PLATO AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO Believed that the true self is the 'soul' or the Elaborated Socrates' two-part self by saying A man is a rational substance consisting of rational part of ourselves that the soul has three parts: reason, desire, the soul and body, which are united like the To know this soul, we must seek within by and spirit Trinity questioning (i.e., the Socratic method) Our reason/intellect constitutes our true self To know oneself is to know God JGCL  PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES RENE DESCARTES JOHN LOCKE DAVID HUME Father of Modern Philosophy; proposed the Our consciousness is the self, giving us a The self is an idea, the amalgamation of mind-body dualism sense of continuity over time different perceptions over time; a The true self is within the soul, and we must The self is developed by experiencing, as we 'designation' discover it through scientific inquiry and are all born as 'blank slates' (tabula rasa) The self does not exist method JGCL  PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES IMMANUEL KANT GILBERT RYLE EDMUND HUSSERL & There is a transcendental self (the self which Refused the metaphysical self, and focused MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY organizes our sensations and knowledge) and on observable behaviors It is best to investigate humanity in terms of an empirical self (the conscious self) The self is best understood as a pattern of their personal experience (i.e., The self is the thread which binds our behavior, the tendency or disposition for a phenomenology) experiences of 'self' together in a 'unity of person to behave in a certain way The self is experienced subjectively, not consciousness' known objectively JGCL  PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES PAUL CHURCHLAND To explain the self, we must be grounded on neuroscience The self is a series of neurological phenomena which can be observed in the brain JGCL  The rise of Psychology led to psychologists' focus on investigating the self as a cognitive construct. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Focused its inquiry on internal cognitions and asks questions such as: What can make an effective self? Happy self? Etc. How does the self know itself (consciousness)? What cognitive processes are involved in forming the self? JGCL  SIGMUND FREUD'S UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW THE SELF HAS CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PARTS There is a part of the 'self' that is The unconscious part of the self are conscious of itself, and this includes those parts of the self which are not the mental processes which we are easily accessible to our awareness aware of JGCL SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101  WILLIAM JAMES Father of Functionalist School of Thought I-Self and Me-Self UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 The I-Self (i.e., "I", the knower) is the subjective SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES self, which does everything in the here and now. It is aware of itself and gives you the sense of who you are. The Me-Self (i.e., "me", the known) is the objective self, the repository of all experiences: past, present, and future. The Me-Self is composed of the material, social, and spiritual self JGCL  SELF-ESTEEM UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES BY WILLIAM JAMES Our overall evaluation of ourselves, and its different dimensions JGCL  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ESTEEM Why do some people have so-called 'low self-esteem'? Or the reverse, 'high self-esteem'? PONDER JGCL  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 For James, a realistic view of self and SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES one's aspirations is important in order to have positive feelings about oneself The problem occurs when one's ideal self turns into an idealistic and unrealistic MUST SELF (i.e., 'I must be a good student', 'I must provide my family with luxuries'). JGCL  KAREN HORNEY The "real self," "ideal self," and the "idealized self" UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 The real self is who we actually are, capable of SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES growth and self-actualization. The ideal self serves as a guide for our real self to achieve this actualized identity. The idealized self-image is an unrealistic, inflated image of the self where individuals paint themselves as the "hero, a saint, a god." JGCL SATISFACTION AND SAFETY GROWING IN ACCORDANCE TO Basic conditions of warmth; THE REAL SELF genuine love and healthy discipline Uses the ideal self as a guide BASIC HOSTILITY DESPISED IDEALIZED SELF SELF a negative self-image "tyranny of the shoulds" "neurotic search for glory" BASIC ANXIETY Being alone in a potentially hostile world  ERIK ERIKSON UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Stages of Psychosocial Development We develop our identity over the lifespan through a series of interrelated stages of development. Identity, to Erikson, is a commitment to an ideology, a belief system, values, etc. JGCL  PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES BY ERIKSON Trust vs. Mistrust – we develop a sense of reliability of people and objects in our world through our attachments Identity vs. Identity confusion – must learn about their unique identity with a coherent sense of self and Autonomy vs. shame and doubt – toddlers need to valued role in society know they are powerful, but at the same time, adults UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES need to set appropriate limits; shame and doubt help Intimacy vs. Isolation – ability to fuse their identity them recognize the need for those limits with another while maintaining their individuality Initiative vs. Guilt – preschool children need to learn Generativity vs. stagnation – finding meaning through how to regulate purpose, the courage to envision and contributing to society and leaving a legacy for future pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or generations fear of punishment Integrity vs. despair – achieving a sense of integrity of Industry vs. Inferiority – children must learn about the self by accepting the lives they have lived, and thus the productive skills their culture requires by getting accept death, or yield to despair that their lives cannot praise from adults of peers from productive work; be relived otherwise, they might feel inadequate and try to retreat to the protective embrace of the family and do not venture farther away from home JGCL  SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES JGCL JAMES E. MARCIA'S IDENTITY STATUS UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101  SELF-REGULATION Our ability to control our behaviors ALBERT towards goals which are more likely to UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES BANDURA result in positive experiences and rewards THE PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC SELF We are capable of controlling our SELF-EFFICACY behavior towards more achievable Our beliefs about our capabilities to achieve goals, leading to more positive views a goal of the self JGCL  THE SOCIOLOGICAL/ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS emphasize that the self must not be viewed in isolation, but must be seen as part of a larger society, culture, and societal values. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES JGCL  SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The self is a product of how the people interact with society at large. Only when one has participated in different social UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES positions and learn from those experiences can we be self- conscious. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The self is differently conceptualized across cultures (e.g., SELF & Western/Eastern Orientations). How we view the self begins and ends with the group we are in. ENVIRONMENT JGCL  George Herbert Mead The Self as a Sociological Construction Mead's viewed the self to be constructed through the process of socialization, where we UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES learn to be self-conscious (i.e., aware of how people see us and the roles that we play). Also conceptualized an I-Me self in terms of social interaction; wherein the 'Me' is how others see the self, and the 'I' is the personal assessment of the social self. There must be a balance between the I and the Me. JGCL  ME-SELF (JAMES & MEAD) UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES W. JAMES G.H. MEAD The self as a product of cognition The self as a product of social interaction The Me-Self is an object of awareness, of and role- taking the total experiences of the 'I', having The Me-Self is the sum of all perceived material, social, and spiritual perceptions others have of the self components JGCL  THE CONCEPT OF SELF VARIES WITH CULTURE. Markus & Kitayama (1991) pointed out that the primary method in which cultural values influence psychological processes is in terms of how individuals define and see their 'selves' in relation to UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES others in their social network. JGCL  WESTERN & EASTERN VIEWS UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES THE SELF AND CULTURE For Western/Individualist For Eastern/Collectivist Societies, the self is seen as a Societies, the self is seen as an dynamic and organized whole emerging concept from a against other wholes in society combined set of multiple and environment. identities. JGCL  Confucius The Eastern/Oriental View of Self Confucius laid out Chinese philosophy which defined the self in terms of cardinal relationships (e.g., ruler-minister, father-son, etc.) nurtured by reciprocity, interdependence, UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES and interrelatedness. This philosophy eventually spread throughout the Eastern parts, influencing societies and cultures within it. Confucian philosophy focuses on relational identity, the identity as defined by significant relationships. In Eastern/Oriental cultures, the concept of self is impinged upon by societal values and expectation. JGCL  SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES COLLECTIVIST CULTURES UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Fosters independence and individual achievement Fosters interdependence and group success Promotes self-expression, individual thinking Promotes adherence to norms, respect for authority/elders, and personal choice group consensus Associated with egalitarian relationships Associated with stable, hierarchical roles and flexibility in roles Associated with private property and individual ownership Associated with shared property and group ownership HO ET AL., 2004 JGCL  THE CONCEPT OF SELF VARIES WITH CULTURE. The expression of self inevitably varies depending on the culture we are in, which impinges its own UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES unique values and expectations on our selfhood. JGCL  SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES JGCL PONDER Because it is! WHY IS IT SO COMPLICATED? UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES SUMMARY ON THE MATTER OF SELF The self is a complex and multifaceted aspect of human beings defined by ourselves, others, and the environment, which is needed to be a fully functioning human. JGCL  SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES THANK YOU! JGCL B E Y UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101  HOMEWORK UNDERSTANDING THE SELF / GEC 101 SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY Create a concept map of your understanding of the self based on the ideas from the different perspectives on the self: philosophical, psychological, social, and anthropological. JGCL