Water Supply Planning & Development PDF

WATER SUPPLY PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT  Importance of Safe Water on Public Health Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better...

WATER SUPPLY PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT  Importance of Safe Water on Public Health Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.  UN and the SDGs In 2015, the UN General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Everyone has the right to sufficient, continuous, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.  UN SDG No. 6 Indicator: SAFELY MANAGED DRINKING WATER SERVICES Drinking water which is: ▪ from an improved water source located on the premises ▪ available when needed ▪ free from fecal and priority chemical contamination Key Players in Ensuring a Successful Water Supply Program Government Community Competent Funding Personnel Agencies  GLOBAL WATER ISSUES WATER QUALITY WATER DEMAND (UN Water, 2014) (OECD, 2012) ▪ Human population growth ▪ Expected to increase by 55% ▪ Industrial and agricultural by 2050 activities expand ▪ 400% increase in water ▪ Climate change threatens to demand for manufacturing cause the major alterations to ▪ 140% for electricity the hydrological cycle ▪ 130% for domestic use ▪ Agriculture will remain as the largest user of water  WATER and HEALTH Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as: ❖ Diarrhea ❖ Cholera ❖ Dysentery ❖ Hepatitis A ❖ Typhoid ❖ Polio Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks.  ECONOMIC and SOCIAL EFFECTS ▪ When water comes from improved and more accessible sources, people spend less time and effort physically collecting it, meaning they can be productive in other ways. ▪ This can also result in greater personal safety by reducing the need to make long or risky journeys to collect water. ▪ Better water sources also mean less expenditure on health, as people are less likely to fall ill and incur medical costs, and are better able to remain economically productive. ▪ With children particularly at risk from water-related diseases, access to improved sources of water can result in better health, and therefore better school attendance, with positive longer-term consequences for their lives  CATEGORIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION DOMESTIC In-house Use: Drinking, cooking, sanitation, house cleaning, laundry, car washing, etc. Out-house Use: garden watering, lawn sprinkling, bathing pools, etc. Standpipe Use: standpipes and public fountains  CATEGORIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION TRADE & INDUSTRIAL Industrial: for factories, industries, power stations, docks, etc. Commercial: shops, offices, restaurants, hotels, airports, small trades, workshops, etc. Institutional: hospitals, schools, universities, government offices, military establishments, etc.  CATEGORIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURAL -For crops, livestock, horticulture, greenhouses, dairies, farmsteads PUBLIC -For public parks, green areas, street watering, water mains and sewer flushing, fire-fighting  CATEGORIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION LOSSES ▪ Distribution Losses – leakage from mains and service pipes upstream of consumers’ meters or property boundary; leaks from valves, hydrants and washouts, leakage and overflows from service reservoirs ▪ Consumer Wastage – leakage and wastage on consumers’ premises and from their supply pipes, misuse, or unnecessary use of water by consumers ▪ Metering and Other Losses – source meter errors, supply meter errors unauthorized or unrecorded consumption  CHALLENGES FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Climate Change Increasing Water Scarcity Population Growth Demographic Changes Urbanization  CHALLENGES ✓ By 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed areas. ✓ Re-use of wastewater, to recover water, nutrients, or energy, is becoming an important strategy ✓ Increasingly, countries are using wastewater for irrigation ✓ Options for water sources used for drinking water and irrigation will continue to evolve, with an increasing reliance on groundwater and alternative sources, including wastewater. ✓ Climate Change will lead to greater fluctuations in harvested rainwater. ✓ Management of all water resources will need to be improved to ensure provision and quality. WATER SUPPLY PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT Introduction to Water Supply  WATER SUPPLY SYTEM A water supply system delivers water from sources to customers, and provides services vital to the function of an industrialized society and important to emergency response and recovery after disastrous events (e.g., earthquakes). Water supply systems are one of the most important infrastructure buildings. The main purpose of water supply systems is the distribution of water to all its users. Water must be delivered in sufficient quantity and at acceptable pressure.  Water Supply Systems are dependent on: ▪ Spatial Characteristics which includes topography and its influence on the pressure distribution in the pipe network. ▪ Most of WSS are installed on existing or planned roads, so problems with existing communal infrastructures can occur during construction. LAND USE AND CONSTRUCTION SOIL SPATIAL EXCAVATION COSTS OWNERSHIP COSTS CHARACTERISTICS  OBJECTIVES OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ❖ To supply safe and wholesome water to the consumers ❖ To supply water in adequate quantity ❖ To make water available within easy reach of the consumers ❖ To supply water to domesticated animals ❖ To supply water to industries  Lessons Learned by the Philippine Water Sector Phased Use of Operational Tariff Institutional Monitoring Design Updated Autonomy Design & Development System Technology Public Practices Consultation  Considerations for a Sustainable System Technical Financial Social Environmental Considerations Considerations Considerations Considerations  Water System Design Process 1) Service Level 2) Water Demand Projections 3) Facilities Design 4) Capital Investment and O&M Costs 5) Tariff Design 6) Design Iteration 7) Plans and Design Specifications  Design Outputs 1) Engineer’s Report 2) General Layout 3) Detailed Plans 4) Specifications 5) Bill of Quantities and Cost Estimates  Requirements for Detailed Engineering Design (Refer to p. 169 of RWSDM) 1) General 2) Confirmation of Proposed Source Facilities 3) Topographic Survey 4) System Configuration and Sizing 5) Final System Design 6) Schematic Network Diagram 7) Preparation of Detailed Design Drawings (Refer to p. 172 of RWSDM) 8) Cost Estimates 9) Detailed Engineering Design Submission  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Source of Water This refers to the place from where water is obtained. The source must be reliable and have a minimum number of impurities. It should have more charge than that of demand. The source may be surface or sub- surface.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Intake ✓ An intake collects the water from the source and feeds it to the transmission line. ✓ The basic functions of intake are: to ensure required water and reduce sediment entry, to check trash and debris entry along with water entering and prevent the entry of ice, and to collect water from the source and feed it to the transmission line.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Pump ✓ A pump is a lifting device commonly required to lift water from a source which is operated with the help of energy. ✓ It is essential when the area to be supplied is located at a higher elevation than that of the source of supply.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Collection Chamber ✓ If the water demand is not met by a single source, it may be required. This prevents the backflow of water from one source to another. ✓ It is used to collect water from more than one source. ✓ It settles coarse materials contained in river or spring water.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Transmission Mains ✓ For the conveyance of water from the source to the treatment plant, different types of conduit are used like open channels, aqueducts, pipelines, etc. is known as transmission mains. ✓ Water from the transmission main is not given to users.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Interruption Chamber ✓ The chamber which is provided in the transmission lines to prevent bursting pipes due to excessive pressure is known as an interruption chamber. Hence, the function of this chamber is to release high pressure or convert it into atmospheric pressure.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Treatment or Purification ✓ The raw water contains various types of impurities to remove those impurities which is harmful to human and other living beings health water treatment is done. ✓ The objective of water treatment is to provide and maintain water that is hygienically safe, palatable, and aesthetically attractive in an economic manner.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Reservoir ✓ Reservoir is necessary to balance the variation of demand and to reserve water.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Control Valves ✓ They are provided in the pipelines to control and regulate the flow of water.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Distribution System ✓ After the treatment of water, it is distributed to the targeted community for domestic, industrial, commercial, and public uses by the means of a pipe network is known as the distribution system. ✓ It is designed for peak flow.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Break Pressure Tank ✓ A small tank constructed in a rural gravity water supply specifically built to break the hydrostatic pressure is called a break pressure tank. ✓ It prevents the pipe from bursting due to excessive pressure. ✓ The main function of a Break Pressure Tank is releasing force into atmospheric pressure.  Components of a Water Supply System ❑ Public Standpost ✓ This is the most frequently used component of the water supply system. ✓ In rural areas, consumers collect water from public stand posts to meet their house demand. ✓ If people cannot afford private connections in the rural area and scattered houses in the area a stand post serves 8 to 10 households.