Introduction to Geochemistry PDF

Introduction Introduction Adapted from ARCFernandez 1 Introduction About the course  Course Description  Grade Distribution and Computation...

Introduction Introduction Adapted from ARCFernandez 1 Introduction About the course  Course Description  Grade Distribution and Computation  Other expectations Outline  General house rules Definition of Geochemistry Significance 2 Introduction Course credit: Three (3) units; Schedule: ________H Instructor: Edward Sunga Lucero, M.Sc. About the Consultation hours: (Kindly check with me course beforehand if you want to consult on another time) E-mail: [email protected] (if concern can wait) Mobile / Telegram: +639454383823 3 Introduction This undergraduate course aims to introduce students to the basic chemical processes and principles that shaped the Earth throughout its evolution. Course The course also aims to synthesize knowledge Description from previous Geology courses and introduce a newer and deeper perspective to geological processes by explaining them in terms of properties and interactions of matter and energy. 4 Introduction Requirements Weight (%) Class Standing 50 Preliminary Period (PP) Preliminary Exam 50 Class Standing 50 Grade Midterm Period (MP) Midterm Exam 50 Distribution Final Period (FP) Class Standing 50 Final Exam 50 and Term Grade 30% PP + 30% MP + 40% FP Computation Lecture class standing will comprise of attendance (10%), class participation/quizzes (20%) and assignment/reporting/article review (20%). 5 Introduction Basic geologic knowledge  Petrology, basic concepts in chemistry Elementary algebra and trigonometry Abstract reasoning Critical thinking Other Basic computer skills expectations Communication skills As majors, you should strive to earn high marks, proving that you have the knowledge to advance to upper-level coursework and beyond 6 Introduction  Attendance will be checked via a short quiz at the end of the lectures.  Feel free to eat or drink, just keep yourself muted (if online).  Anyone caught cheating/plagiarizing will be warned for the first time. Succeeding instances will garner a score of 0. General  Feel free to call my attention if there are questions or concerns. House Rules  Keep phones in silent (onground).  Observe rules in using online classes such as Course, IP, Netiquette, and Data Privacy Policy.  Every procedure, policy specified in Adamson Student Manual 2018 shall be observed. 7 Introduction Geochemistry γεω, geo, “the Earth” + χημεία, khēmeia “pour together” a branch of geology that involves the applications of the principles of chemistry to the solution of geochemical problems extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt prerequisites for the growth of geochem  discovery of the chemical elements vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/geochemistry-icon-vector-14568167  development of accurate methods for the analysis of rocks and minerals 8 Introduction Geochemistry = chemistry of the Earth (uses the tools of chemistry to understand processes on Earth) The main focus of geochemistry is to understand the principles governing the distribution and re- distribution of elements, ionic species and isotope ratios in earth materials, so that we can interpret the formation of mineral assemblages: conditions (P, T, etc.), processes (magmatic crystallization, weathering, chemical precipitation, metamorphism, etc.), and even the age. 9 Introduction Geochemistry has both pure and applied components: Pure Geochemistry: concerned with answering how and why the earth and solar system reached their current chemical state. Current hot topics include: - Chemical cycles (evolution of earth and atmosphere) - Paleoclimate -Astrobiology Applied Geochemistry: benefits humanity in many ways, including: - Geochemical prospecting 10 Introduction Based on the urge to understand why some stones are “good” and how they formed  1574: Lazarus Ercker  Superintendent of King Rudolf II of Austria  Treatise on Ores and Assaying assaying.org/Assaying%20pictures/Assay%20Wo odcut.jpg Matter - earth, water, air and fire Early History (16th century) Alchemists - Sb, As, Bi and P upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en /8/86/Avatar_Aang.png s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2009/09/30/aristotleselements_1.gif whewellsghost.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/alchemy.jpg 11 Introduction Boom of analytical chemistry Discovery of 46 chemical elements (1720-1850) Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  invented the optical emission spectrograph  additional 30 elements (1850-1925) Early History (18th century) upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Kirchhoffs_first_spectroscope.jpg 12 Introduction Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev: Periodic Table (1869)  Groups were based on similarities of their chemical properties Early History (19th century) homepages.bluffton.edu/~bergerd/nsc_111/images/Mend eleev.gif acamrmicheal.weebly.com/periodic-table---mendeleev-discovery.html 13 Introduction Frank W. Clarke  Father of geochemistry  Chief geochemist of the USGS (1884- 1925)  Composition of the Earth’s crust  The Data of Geochemistry (1908) geochemsoc.org/awards/fwclarkeaward/ Early History Victor M. Goldschmidt (1888-1947)  X-ray diffraction to determine the crystal (19th century) structures of many minerals  Father of modern geochemistry and crystal chemistry  Classification of minerals according to preferred host  lithophile – rock-loving  siderophile – iron-loving  chalcophile – ore-loving eag.eu.com/education/goldschmidt/  atmophile – gas-loving 14 Introduction 15 wuwm.com/podcast/lake-effect-segments/2019-12-10/periodic-table-of-the-elements-turns-150 Introduction 1950s – geochemists turned increasingly to the study of chemical reactions and processes Vladimir Vernadsky – importance of the activities Modern of living organisms in geological and geochemical Geochemistry processes; “Gaia Hypothesis” Alexander Fersman – used the concepts of thermodynamics to study the stability of minerals in their natural environment 16 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 Norman Levi Bowen (and friends)  Foundation of modern igneous petrology  The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks  Bowen’s reaction series Modern Brian Mason (1952) Geochemistry  published the Principles of Geochemistry which helped established geochemistry as a legitimate component of earth science Robert M. Garrels and Konrad Krauskopf (1960s)  used thermodynamics and solution chemistry to determine the stability of minerals and the mobility of their ions at the surface of the Earth 17 Introduction Cosmochemistry Isotope geochemistry Biogeochemistry Modern Inorganic and organic geochemistry Geochemistry Environmental geochemistry subfields Exploration geochemistry Aqueous geochemistry Trace element geochemistry 18 Introduction To know the distribution of the chemical elements in the Earth and in the solar system and the causes for the observed chemical composition  mineral assemblages formation; conditions (P, T, etc.), magmatic crystallization, weathering, chemical precipitation metamorphism, age Significance To study chemical reactions on the surface of the Earth, in its interior, and in the solar system around us To assemble this info into geochemical cycles and to learn how these cycles have operated in the geologic past and how they may be altered in the future 19 Introduction Electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA): analyze mineral grains on the scales of microns in minutes X-ray diffraction (XRD): examine physico chemical makeup of unknown solids Common X-ray fluorescence (XRF): major and trace Techniques element analyses of bulk rocks, minerals, sediments and fluids Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS): capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at very low concentrations 20 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 EPMA serc.carleton.edu/msu_nanotech/methods/EPMA.html 21 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 XRD 22 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 XRF 23 Introduction Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): generate high-resolution images of shapes/objects (SEI) and to show spatial variations in chemical compositions Common Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Techniques Spectrometer (ICPAES): examine physicochemical makeup of unknown solids Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA): determine the concentration of trace and major elements 24 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 ICP-AES 25 Introduction Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS): elemental, isotopic and molecular composition of solid surfaces Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS): Common measure the isotope ratios of elements used in Techniques geochronology and tracer studies Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP): measure isotopic and elemental abundances at a micrometer-scale; U-Th-Pb geochronology 26 Introduction Geochemistry | ARCFernandez 2022 Introduction Any questions? 27 Introduction 28