Hunter Gatherer To Farmer PDF

The Beginnings Transition from Hunter Gatherer to Farming Communities; emergence of urbanism and Iron Age in India Lecture 001 https://agustinadearagonschool.blogspot.com/2017/05/f rom-prehistory-to-old-age.html  Periodizations BC, BCE, CE, AD a...

The Beginnings Transition from Hunter Gatherer to Farming Communities; emergence of urbanism and Iron Age in India Lecture 001 https://agustinadearagonschool.blogspot.com/2017/05/f rom-prehistory-to-old-age.html  Periodizations BC, BCE, CE, AD and BP? – Before Common Era and Common Era – Previously BC (Before Christ) and AD (In the year of our Lord) – Before Present (before 1950 CE) Palaeolithic – Lower, Middle and Upper Mesolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic Proto-historic Early Historic Medieval  Neolithic Initial domestication of plants and animals Semi-sedentary lifestyle Non-ceramic Neolithic or pre-pottery Neolithic Ceramic or Pottery Neolithic 7000 – 1000 BCE Hamangia Culture: Ain Ghazal, Jordan 9000 BP, Pre pottery Neolithic phase, Necropolis (graveyard) near the town of Cernavodă (SE Romania) lime plaster and reed/straw  Chalcolithic Village based agriculture and pastoralism Stone, copper and bronze tools Extensive use of pottery Several craft technologies 5500 – 1000 BCE  Protohistoric Urban system and writing that is not deciphered so far Early stages of Harappan Civilization Harappan Civilization Stone, copper, bronze tools and pyro-technologies Bronze Age Also, part of Iron Age in India up to Painted Grey Ware Culture 2600 – 1000 / 800 BCE  Early Historic Complex state level societies, including complex chiefdoms, monarchies and republics New writing system for trade and administration Highly stratified societies Large-scale military campaigns Coins, epigraphs, historical records Emergence of artistic and architectural styles indigenous to India; various branches of sciences including astronomy, mathematics, surgery, practiced and written about Painted Grey Ware / Associated Wares 1200 to 800 BCE (some say 600 BCE) - over 650 PGW sites - Islamabad? to Tehri Garhwal, to Harappa?, Sindh and Cholistan, possibly even Pirak, as far east as Sravasti, and as far south as Ujjain - fine grey ware ceramic (usually 10% to 15% of the entire ceramic assemblage) and associated red fired wares Painted Grey Ware pottery - finely made (both hand formed, and wheel made) and painted with black and sometime with white paint Major Mahajanapadas Major Mahajanapadas Location of Asokan Location of Buddhist Edicts and Rock Cut Structures What is a civilization? Salient features….(socio-politico-economic, cultural and technological development) Complex society Urban development- towns, cities, rural settlements (not nomadic) V Gordon Childe Specialization of labour, manufacturing of crafts (types of livelihood) Social stratification, class structure Form of government- Centralization Domestication (humans, animals, plants)- dependence on farming – subsistence-surplus of food Symbolic systems of communication (writing, script) Monumental architecture, artwork, town planning Taxation, economic systems Trade Science and technology Chronology  Select readings 1. Kenoyer, J.M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Oxford; 2. Trigger, B.G. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge; 3. Trigger, B.G. 1993. Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context. The American University in Cairo Press. Cairo; 4. Maisels, C.K. 1999. Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge. London; 5. Susan Wise Bauer, The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Account to the Fall of Rome. W.W. Norton; 6. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India