ZOTC 115 Ruminant Production PDF

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION Average Farm Gate Price...

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION Average Farm Gate Price Comparison of Dairy and Beef Industries DAIRY BEEF Growth rate of farmgale price Biology same same highest 2021 - highest 2022-decreased End Products Milk & Meat Meat 2023 - negative growth rate Industry Single Unit, Full Segmented, Part Structure Time Time Management Intensive Extensive negative STATUS OF THE BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRY Volume of Production 2022 - · increase in 2020 - volume of production - decrease in volume · increase in of production growth rate - major decline in growth rate Inventory by Farm Type Commercial – 51 cows and above CONSTRAINTS Semi-Commercial – 6-50 Cattle Industry in General heads of cows Cattle Inventory 2023 Low breeding base Smallhold – Tending not Poor nutrition and herd = 2. 59 million heads more than 5 cows and 5 · smallhold > - 02 3 %. SemiCommercia management. yearlings Localized peace and order situation Backyard definition depicts Unfavorable government policies backwardness; term used by ASEAN Backyard Inefficient breeding techniques Top Cattle Producing Regions 2023 Inadequate feed supply Lack of or inadequate technical support, veterinary and extension services from the government Top Cattle Producing Regions 2023 1 Central Visayas 2. Calabarzon. 3 Ilocos Region 4. Western Visayas s. Northern Mindanao  TYPES OF CATTLE RAISING SELECTION AND BREEDING A. Cow Calf Raising What is the importance of breed in the genetic Extensive (Ranching) strategy in beef cattle production? o Animals maintained in vast tracts of open land Matching applicable performance or functional levels o Usually leased from public lands to environmental, management, and marketing o Limited by agrarian reform and peace and order conditions. Integrated Farming Choosing a breeding system, either continuous (in o Utilizes small vacant lots or spaces between which replacement females are produced within the agricultural crops plantations herd) or terminal (in which replacements are o (shown: cattle farming integrated in a mango introduced externally); and farm) Selecting genetic types, breeds and individuals within the breeds that are compatible with the performance level needed and breeding system chosen Genetic Classification of Breeds Basic Classification o Bos taurus – European cattle o Bos indicus – Humped cattle (Zebu); arose in Intensive System south central Asia o Animals confined What is a breed? o Fed by cut-and-carry method o Animals of common origin with certain o Supplemental feeding with concentrates distinguishing characteristics passed uniformly from parent to offspring o Breed characteristics result from both natural B. Breeder Farm Operation selection and from that imposed by people Calves raised until ready for breeding then sold o “Composite” breeds are formed from two or Main output: quality breeder animals more breeds Utilizes purebred animals Large base needed for selection of replacement animals C. Growing-Fattening (Feedlot) Operation Raising of newly weaned calves or culled mature heifers to slaughter weight Requires simple facilities and level of management Growing stage (7-12 months of age) done extensively or intensively Fattening stage (5-7 months duration) done intensively  Functional Traits of Characteristics 8. Marbling (USDA Quality Grade) Important in Beef Production Intramuscular fat 1. Body Size Indicator of palatability factors of tenderness, Heavier at birth tend to be heavier throughout juiciness, and flavor life Increases with age up to physiological maturity Larger animals usually gain weight faster, and Higher in earlier maturing and higher milking weight and nutritional requirements for body types maintenance are closely related Yield is often inversely proportional to marbling Use the “Frame score” to objectively measure skeletal dimension used to estimate current and future body size 2. Milking Potential Genetic capability to produce milk (not actual volume) 3. Age at Puberty Smaller individuals and higher milking types usually mature earlier Bos indicus mature relatively late 4. Hot climate adaptability Bos indicus generally are more heat tolerant than Bos taurus (exceptions are present) Light colored, short hair coats and dark skin are most adapted High humidity - intensifies effects of heat, especially since hot, humid climates often add Selection (DA, Backyard Cattle Fattening) the stresses of parasites and low-quality forage. Age: 2-3 years old Heat with humidity - stresses cattle that fail to o Better FCE shed long, thick hair coats, particularly dark- o Have better digestive efficiency colored ones o Consume larger volume of feed in relation to 5. Fleshing ability body weight Capacity to fatten and retain fat Sex Tends to drop with increases in genetic body o Steers preferred over heifers size, maintenance requirements relative to size, o Readily available and easier to manage milking level, and inherent muscularity. o Gain weight and grow faster than heifers Poor environmental adaptability corelates with Breed – choose improved breeds and crossbreeds poor fleshing ability o Gain weight faster than native animals o Bos indicus tends to put on flesh faster in o Brahman, Ongole, Indu-Brazil, Batangas native poor quality forage cattle Easy-fleshing cattle tolerate periods of poor Health condition nutrition better leading to better reproduction o Alert and active, with bright eyes, smooth but tends to over fatten in feedlots haircoat and moist muzzle 6. Muscle expression Inherent muscularity independent of other Buy stock during the dry season (Jan-April) as they are tissues cheaper and transport from farms is more accessible Heavily muscled types are often low in fleshing ability 7. Cuttability (Dressing percentage; USDA Yield Grade) Percentage of lean Depends on relative amounts of fat, muscle and bone  Selection FACILITIES (Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production) Basis for a single trait Animal Housing Animals own phenotypic merit (external features) o Important to animal health and productivity Pedigree information and collateral relatives o Containment o For early selection and sex-limited traits o Seperation or isolation Progeny testing o Protect from hazards o Based on performance of offspring Housing Considerations for Animal Health and Productivity Basis for selecting replacement breeders o Food and water access Comparable production records o Animal Spacing Physical characteristics o Ventilation Weaning weights of calves of respective dams o Lighting Weaning weights (at 8-months) and yearling weights o Comfort for bulls and heifers o Protection from hazards Weight and size at 2 years of age o Waste management o Social / behavioral aspects Specific measures of growth rates to monitor overall performance Housing - Cow Calf Operation o Smallhold farms – usually done using simple methods and facilities o Animals are usually tethered during the day and kept inside the shed during the night o The shed is built from native materials like wood and bamboo frames and enclosures; nipa and cogon for roofings o Space: 1.5 – 4.5 sqm per animal (2.1 – 2.7m width) ; height: 1.7 – 1.9m o Feeding and watering troughs can also be made out of locally available materials such as used tires, used and halved drums Housing – Fattening Operation o Animals are raised in individual stalls o 1.5m x 4m / head o Height three (3) meter high – to allow good ventilation o Feedlot may just be feeding pen  Housing – Fattening Operation Race o Materials: Bamboo, lumber, or ipil-ipil poles for Single passageway/pathway frames constructed to facilitate o Roofing: nipa or cogon ; galvanized iron roofing segregating animals may be used for durability May have a squeeze, dipping o Floor: concrete and sand should be used as vat, weighting scale, or loading flooring to prevent mud from accumulating and chute facilitate cleaning Fences Facilities in a race Purpose o Confinement o Prevent overgrazing / Rotational grazing o Separate / Distribute groups of animals o Fence-off poisonous plants o Shut-out stray animals Factors to consider o Movement of Race structures animals o System of grazing used o Size of herds o Natural Obstacles § Do not fence deep valleys Damaged by water, or Trampled by cattle moving down § Should run on top of ridge, not gully § Provide adequate space bet base and fence NUTRITION o Posts should be 5m apart and 1.5m above the ground Market Cattle Requirements o Top wire should be 1.4m above the ground Generally 2-3% of BW for DM intake o Other wires spaced 50, 50, and 40 cm o Actual intake: (DM% x BW) / DM content of feed) intervals on a 3 wire-strands fence o E.g., (400kg * 0.025) = 10kg DM required (2.5% expressed as decimals is 0.025) Handling Facilities o 10kg DM required / 0.3 = 33.33kg forages (30% Working Corral DM for forages with 70% moisture content) Reduce shrinkage CP – between 9 and 14% from sorting and Feedlot cattle average 12-14% handling cattle if TDN: 65-85% properly Calcium: 0.3-0.6% constructed Phosphorus: 0.2-0.4% Placed in the center o Considerably higher with byproducts of ranch operations Ca:P ratio of 2 (or greater): 1 to avoid urinary calculi Perferably on well-drained sandy soil Fences should be 168-184cm high using treated Maintenance baords (5cm x 5cm) Energy required to support basal metabolism, o Use coal tar or creosote maintain body temperature and normal activity to Posts should be 183 cm apart obtain food and water Place gates at corners Protein required to repair body tissues  Minerals are needed to replenish last ones Crude Protein Requirements Vitamins are essential in most metabolic activities Growth Growing Stage – rapid increase in muscle, bone, organs, and connective tissues Protein is the major nutrient required during the growing stage Energy required to support protein synthesis Mineral (Ca and P) required for bone formation Finishing – deposition of unused energy as fatty tissues Energy is required for the formation and deposition of fat Compensatory growth – increased weight gain following energy restriction FEED RESOURCES Reproduction Pastures Nutrient deficiencies before breeding result in Ranch type sterility, low fertility, and failure of pregnancy o Grasslands and cultivated pastures are primary Nutrient restrictions more damaging in late source of feeds pregnancy Smallholder Type o Protein restriction affect growth of fetus during o Primarily crop residues and weeds (due to limited the late stages of pregnancy pastures) o Ca and P requirements increase with stage of o Must take advantage of additional feed pregnancy resources in locality o Vit. A is important to maintain lining of reproductive tract Common Farm By-Products Rice Straw Lactations o Can be fed to growing-fattening cattle up to 40% Adequate milk production is requred for early of the total ration weaning o Baled or stacked and adequately protected from Nutrients should be proportionate to the amount of weather milk produced o Contains 3-4% protein, 0.04%-0.08% phosphorus Energy required for milk fat, lactose formation, and and 0.20-0.30% calcium milk protein synthesis Corn Cobs (without kernels) Ca, P, and vitamins are needed as essential o Can be coarsely ground and fed to cattle up to components of milk 45% of total ration o Contains 45% total digestible nutrients and 3% Dietary Energy Requirements crude protein o Contains higher crude fiber and is more digestible than rice straw Silage o Excess herbage during rainy months can be preserved in a silo for the dry months o Only improved grasses or grass-legume combinations can be used to make silage  Urea Able to utilize dietary NPN to meet part of protein requirements o NPN broken down to ammonia and nitrogen which are converted as microbial proteins o Microbial proteins broken down and utilized in the lower GIT Sources o Urea: contains 45% N § Crude protein equivalent = %N x 6.25% (45 x 6.25 = 281 crude protein equivalent) § 1 kg Urea provides 2.81 kg crude protein requirement FEEDING SYSTEMS o Others: Biuret, diammonium phosphate, and All Roughage Feeding System ammonium chloride Used in extensive cattle production system Balancing Rations with Urea Backyard Levels of Addition o Provided as soilage or o 1% of the total air-dry ration, or green chop o 2% - 3% of the concentrate mixture, or o Tethering o 25% - 30% of the total dietary nitrogen Need 1 HA pasture / AU / o Water-Urea-Molasses Mix: 2.5kg Urea, 4.5kg year Molasses, and 18 L water Silage, hay or crop residues used as supplements Provide adequate amounts of readily available during summer energy, minerals, and vitamins Good quality grass-legume pasture can support o Molasses is a good source of energy moderate growth Ensure adequate mixing to prevent toxicity Animal Unit equivalent of each class of animal Water Cattle without access to water on a summer day can die from heat stroke after only a few hours Water is necessary for regulation of Roughage-Concentrate Feeding System body temperature, growth, reproduction, lactation, Concentrates contain high digestion, lubrication of joints, eyesight, and as a digestible energy, low fiber, and cleansing agent high or low protein Limiting water intake can depress animal Exampes: Grains (corn, sorghum), performance more quickly and drastically than any Oil meals (SOM, copra meal, cotton seed meal), other nutrient deficiency rootcrops (Cassava), Grain by products (rice, wheat or corn bran; corn gluten feed; brewers spent grains)  Amount to feed Records o 0.5% - 1% of body weight (initial) Guides in the identification of genetically superior cattle o High levels of concentrates during that may be used for breeding § Summer § Periods of rapid growth and those in early lactation Fattening and finishing cattle require high amounts of energy o Feed combination of concentrates and roughages Must be introduced gradually to prevent rumen lactic acidosis Selection and Culling Expensive – always consider economics of feeding Culling Criteria Calves only every 1 ½ - 2 years Has small milk production resulting in small calves despite good nutrition Small, weak, and unhealthy animals Heifers that don’t conceive after 3-4 matings Heifers that fail to meet standards for breeding herd Bulls and cows with genetic defects GENERAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Cattle Identification Weights and Age Determination This practice is necessary for management purposes Ideally: Use a weighing scale and to denote ownership Weight approximation (for Brahman-type only) Means o Branding with a hot iron § Owners brand on left foreleg; Municipal and BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION other brands are Breeding Age and Target Weight on the right Ideal: 18-20 months o Ear tags / Ear notching Actual: 24 months Dehorning Target weight at breeding: o Advantages 250-300kg (60% of mature § Require less space in body weight) feedlots § Occupy less space in transit or shipment Mating Systems § More uniform in appearance Natural § Lessens danger of injury to herdsmen o Hand Mating o Means o Pasture Mating § Disbudding using caustic soda or commercial Artificial Insemination dehorning paste o Good estrus detection § Dehorning irons (horn