Cattle Management and Economics
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Questions and Answers

What does cow calf raising typically involve?

  • Only using private land for cattle
  • Intensive feeding and care
  • Animals being kept in small pens
  • Animals maintained in vast tracts of open land (correct)
  • What is a key limitation to extensive cattle raising?

  • Lack of water resources
  • Shortage of manpower
  • High costs of feed
  • Agrarian reform and peace and order issues (correct)
  • In which breeding system are replacement females produced within the herd?

  • Continuous breeding system (correct)
  • Terminal breeding system
  • Intensive breeding system
  • Extensive breeding system
  • What is the primary focus of breed selection in beef cattle production?

    <p>Matching performance levels to environmental and management conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic classifications of cattle breeds mentioned?

    <p>Bos taurus and Bos indicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Bos indicus, or humped cattle, primarily arise?

    <p>South Central Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of choosing a terminal breeding system?

    <p>Replacing cattle entirely from an external source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider in the genetic strategy for cattle?

    <p>Color of the cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue highlighted regarding cattle management?

    <p>Inadequate technical support and veterinary services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge in cattle production?

    <p>Excessive urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is identified as one of the top cattle producing areas in 2023?

    <p>Central Visayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a contributing factor to the backwardness of cattle production?

    <p>Inefficient breeding techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these regions is listed as the second top cattle producing area?

    <p>Calabarzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage is suggested for semi-commercial management in smallholder farming?

    <p>2-3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental concern for cattle breeding mentioned?

    <p>Inadequate feed supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with the reduction in cattle productivity?

    <p>Lack of technical support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed tends to gain weight faster in poor quality forage conditions?

    <p>Bos indicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is indicative of a healthy cattle?

    <p>Active disposition and moist muzzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of easy-fleshing cattle?

    <p>Tendency to over fatten in feedlots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to buy cattle stocks for cost-effectiveness?

    <p>Dry season (January-April)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cattle is likely to have low fleshing ability despite high muscle expression?

    <p>Heavily muscled types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage of rice straw that can be fed to growing-fattening cattle as part of their total ration?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is most critical for the synthesis of milk protein?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the microbial proteins utilized in the lower gastrointestinal tract of cattle?

    <p>Non-Protein Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended addition level of urea in the total air-dry ration?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of limiting water intake in cattle?

    <p>Depressed animal performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of weighing cattle?

    <p>To assess genetic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeding system is characterized by high digestible energy and low fiber?

    <p>Roughage-Concentrate Feeding System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal breeding weight for cattle?

    <p>250-300 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that a heifer may not be suitable for the breeding herd?

    <p>Fails to conceive after multiple matings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is NOT used for cattle identification?

    <p>Weight approximation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major disadvantages of dehorning cattle?

    <p>Requires special equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an acceptable nitrogen source for meeting protein requirements in cattle?

    <p>Non-Protein Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the focus when introducing concentrates in cattle feeds?

    <p>Increase levels gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis of selection for replacement breeders?

    <p>Physical characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT a consideration for animal housing to ensure health and productivity?

    <p>Local climate control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is crucial for managing livestock movement?

    <p>Single passageway or races</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fences in cattle operations?

    <p>To confine and separate animal groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of growth is protein the major nutrient required?

    <p>Growing stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended space per animal in smallholder cow-calf operations?

    <p>1.5 - 4.5 sqm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient deficiency can result in sterility and low fertility in cattle?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does energy play during the finishing stage in cattle?

    <p>Promote fat deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for proper growth measurements in cattle?

    <p>Weight and size at 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What minimum percentage of body weight is required for dry matter intake in market cattle?

    <p>2-3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of feeds in ranch-type pastures?

    <p>Grasslands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended Calcium to Phosphorus ratio to avoid urinary calculi?

    <p>2:1 or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which age are weaning weights typically taken for cattle?

    <p>8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method to provide shelter to animals during fattening operations?

    <p>Wooden sheds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cattle Production Overview

    • Cattle population estimated at 59 million heads in the Philippines, indicating a significant agricultural sector.
    • Major challenges in cattle production include localized peace and order issues and unfavorable government policies.

    Top Cattle Producing Regions (2023)

    • Central Visayas
    • Calabarzon
    • Ilocos Region
    • Western Visayas
    • Northern Mindanao

    Types of Cattle Raising

    • Cow Calf Raising: Involves extensive ranching, typically on leased public lands, constrained by agrarian reform.
    • Integrated Farming: Combines cattle farming with agricultural crops, using small vacant lots.

    Selection and Breeding

    • Importance of breed selection based on performance compatibility with environmental conditions and market needs.
    • Breeding methods include continuous (internal replacements) and terminal (external replacements).
    • Genetic types:
      • Bos taurus (European cattle)
      • Bos indicus (Zebu or humped cattle)

    Health and Production Factors

    • Health indicators involve alertness, coat condition, and moisture levels in the muzzle.
    • Encouragement to buy stock during the dry season (January-April) for cost advantages and ease of transport.
    • Focus on inherent muscularity and dressing percentage affecting actual meat yield.

    Housing Considerations

    • Animal Housing: Critical for health; includes factors like food access, ventilation, and space.
    • Cow Calf Operations: Typically utilize simple sheds made from local materials, with a designated space of 1.5 to 4.5 sqm per animal.
    • Fattening Operations: Individual stalls sized 1.5m x 4m to enhance management and productivity.

    Nutrition Essentials

    • Market cattle require 2-3% of body weight as dry matter intake for optimal health.
    • Nutritional requirements include:
      • Crude Protein (CP): 9-14%
      • Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): 65-85%
      • Calcium and Phosphorus ratios necessary for health.

    Reproductive Health

    • Nutrient deficiencies prior to breeding can impair fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
    • Nutritional needs increase during late pregnancy, specifically for protein and minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

    Facilities and Infrastructure

    • Properly designed facilities reduce stress during handling, with emphasis on good construction and placement for efficient operation.
    • Fencing used for confinement and management of grazing to prevent overgrazing and protect against hazards.

    Feeding and Growth Phases

    • Growing phase emphasizes protein for rapid muscle and bone increase; energy needed for protein synthesis.
    • Finishing phase focuses on fat deposition, with compensatory growth observed after energy restriction phases.### Nutritional Importance in Cattle Management
    • Adequate nutrition is crucial for reproductive tract health and overall cow longevity.
    • Nutrient intake correlates directly with the amount of milk produced; higher yields necessitate greater nutrient proportions.

    Common Farm By-Products

    • Rice Straw:

      • Suitable for growing-fattening cattle, can constitute up to 40% of the total diet.
      • Ensure proper storage to protect against weather conditions.
      • Contains 3-4% protein, 0.04%-0.08% phosphorus, and 0.20%-0.30% calcium.
    • Corn Cobs:

      • Can be fed coarsely ground, making up to 45% of the total ration.
      • Comprises 45% total digestible nutrients and 3% crude protein.
      • Higher in crude fiber and more digestible compared to rice straw.
    • Silage:

      • Excess herbage can be preserved during rainy months for use in dry months.
      • Must utilize improved grasses or grass-legume combinations.

    Urea and Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)

    • Allows cattle to leverage dietary NPN to fulfill part of their protein needs.
    • NPN is converted into microbial proteins usable in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Urea:
      • Contains 45% nitrogen; crude protein equivalent calculated as %N x 6.25%.
      • 1 kg of urea yields 2.81 kg of crude protein.

    Feeding Systems

    • All Roughage Feeding System:

      • Typical for extensive cattle production.
      • Requires 1 hectare of pasture per animal unit per year.
      • Supplement with silage, hay, or residues during summer months.
    • Roughage-Concentrate Feeding System:

      • Concentrates provide high digestible energy, low fiber, and may vary in protein content.
      • Sources include grains, oil meals, root crops, and grain by-products.
      • Gradual introduction of concentrates is necessary to avoid rumen acidosis.

    Water Management

    • Essential for regulating temperature, growth, reproduction, lactation, and digestion.
    • Limited water intake can significantly affect animal performance, leading to rapid declines in health.
    • Cattle should consume 0.5% - 1% of body weight in water daily.

    Growth and Culling Practices

    • Maintain records to track genetically superior cattle for breeding.
    • Culling criteria include poor milk production, weak health, and failure to conceive.
    • Culling should occur every 1.5 - 2 years to maintain herd quality.

    Cattle Identification and Management

    • Identification aids in management and ownership recognition.
    • Methods include branding, ear tags, and ear notching.
    • Dehorning reduces space needs and potential injury risks, achieved through methods like caustic soda or dehorning irons.

    Breeding and Reproduction

    • Target breeding age is ideally between 18-20 months, with actual breeding occurring at around 24 months.
    • Target breeding weight should be 250-300 kg, equating to 60% of mature body weight.
    • Mating systems include natural methods (hand and pasture mating) and artificial insemination, necessitating good estrus detection.

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    Description

    Explore the dynamics of cattle management focusing on smallholdings and semi-commercial practices. This quiz touches on the impact of cattle numbers and management strategies on economic viability. Test your knowledge on effective cattle management concepts and their practical applications.

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