Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does cow calf raising typically involve?
What does cow calf raising typically involve?
- Only using private land for cattle
- Intensive feeding and care
- Animals being kept in small pens
- Animals maintained in vast tracts of open land (correct)
What is a key limitation to extensive cattle raising?
What is a key limitation to extensive cattle raising?
- Lack of water resources
- Shortage of manpower
- High costs of feed
- Agrarian reform and peace and order issues (correct)
In which breeding system are replacement females produced within the herd?
In which breeding system are replacement females produced within the herd?
- Continuous breeding system (correct)
- Terminal breeding system
- Intensive breeding system
- Extensive breeding system
What is the primary focus of breed selection in beef cattle production?
What is the primary focus of breed selection in beef cattle production?
What are the two basic classifications of cattle breeds mentioned?
What are the two basic classifications of cattle breeds mentioned?
Where did Bos indicus, or humped cattle, primarily arise?
Where did Bos indicus, or humped cattle, primarily arise?
What is one advantage of choosing a terminal breeding system?
What is one advantage of choosing a terminal breeding system?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider in the genetic strategy for cattle?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider in the genetic strategy for cattle?
What is the primary issue highlighted regarding cattle management?
What is the primary issue highlighted regarding cattle management?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge in cattle production?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge in cattle production?
Which region is identified as one of the top cattle producing areas in 2023?
Which region is identified as one of the top cattle producing areas in 2023?
What is suggested as a contributing factor to the backwardness of cattle production?
What is suggested as a contributing factor to the backwardness of cattle production?
Which of these regions is listed as the second top cattle producing area?
Which of these regions is listed as the second top cattle producing area?
What percentage is suggested for semi-commercial management in smallholder farming?
What percentage is suggested for semi-commercial management in smallholder farming?
What is a significant environmental concern for cattle breeding mentioned?
What is a significant environmental concern for cattle breeding mentioned?
Which factor is associated with the reduction in cattle productivity?
Which factor is associated with the reduction in cattle productivity?
Which breed tends to gain weight faster in poor quality forage conditions?
Which breed tends to gain weight faster in poor quality forage conditions?
What characteristic is indicative of a healthy cattle?
What characteristic is indicative of a healthy cattle?
What is a potential downside of easy-fleshing cattle?
What is a potential downside of easy-fleshing cattle?
When is the best time to buy cattle stocks for cost-effectiveness?
When is the best time to buy cattle stocks for cost-effectiveness?
Which type of cattle is likely to have low fleshing ability despite high muscle expression?
Which type of cattle is likely to have low fleshing ability despite high muscle expression?
What is the maximum percentage of rice straw that can be fed to growing-fattening cattle as part of their total ration?
What is the maximum percentage of rice straw that can be fed to growing-fattening cattle as part of their total ration?
Which nutrient is most critical for the synthesis of milk protein?
Which nutrient is most critical for the synthesis of milk protein?
What is the source of the microbial proteins utilized in the lower gastrointestinal tract of cattle?
What is the source of the microbial proteins utilized in the lower gastrointestinal tract of cattle?
What is the recommended addition level of urea in the total air-dry ration?
What is the recommended addition level of urea in the total air-dry ration?
What is a consequence of limiting water intake in cattle?
What is a consequence of limiting water intake in cattle?
What is the main purpose of weighing cattle?
What is the main purpose of weighing cattle?
Which feeding system is characterized by high digestible energy and low fiber?
Which feeding system is characterized by high digestible energy and low fiber?
What is the ideal breeding weight for cattle?
What is the ideal breeding weight for cattle?
What is a sign that a heifer may not be suitable for the breeding herd?
What is a sign that a heifer may not be suitable for the breeding herd?
Which practice is NOT used for cattle identification?
Which practice is NOT used for cattle identification?
What is one of the major disadvantages of dehorning cattle?
What is one of the major disadvantages of dehorning cattle?
Which of the following is an acceptable nitrogen source for meeting protein requirements in cattle?
Which of the following is an acceptable nitrogen source for meeting protein requirements in cattle?
What should be the focus when introducing concentrates in cattle feeds?
What should be the focus when introducing concentrates in cattle feeds?
What is the primary basis of selection for replacement breeders?
What is the primary basis of selection for replacement breeders?
What aspect is NOT a consideration for animal housing to ensure health and productivity?
What aspect is NOT a consideration for animal housing to ensure health and productivity?
Which of the following structures is crucial for managing livestock movement?
Which of the following structures is crucial for managing livestock movement?
What is the function of fences in cattle operations?
What is the function of fences in cattle operations?
During which stage of growth is protein the major nutrient required?
During which stage of growth is protein the major nutrient required?
What is the recommended space per animal in smallholder cow-calf operations?
What is the recommended space per animal in smallholder cow-calf operations?
What nutrient deficiency can result in sterility and low fertility in cattle?
What nutrient deficiency can result in sterility and low fertility in cattle?
What role does energy play during the finishing stage in cattle?
What role does energy play during the finishing stage in cattle?
What is essential for proper growth measurements in cattle?
What is essential for proper growth measurements in cattle?
What minimum percentage of body weight is required for dry matter intake in market cattle?
What minimum percentage of body weight is required for dry matter intake in market cattle?
What is the primary source of feeds in ranch-type pastures?
What is the primary source of feeds in ranch-type pastures?
What is the recommended Calcium to Phosphorus ratio to avoid urinary calculi?
What is the recommended Calcium to Phosphorus ratio to avoid urinary calculi?
At which age are weaning weights typically taken for cattle?
At which age are weaning weights typically taken for cattle?
What is a common method to provide shelter to animals during fattening operations?
What is a common method to provide shelter to animals during fattening operations?
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Study Notes
Cattle Production Overview
- Cattle population estimated at 59 million heads in the Philippines, indicating a significant agricultural sector.
- Major challenges in cattle production include localized peace and order issues and unfavorable government policies.
Top Cattle Producing Regions (2023)
- Central Visayas
- Calabarzon
- Ilocos Region
- Western Visayas
- Northern Mindanao
Types of Cattle Raising
- Cow Calf Raising: Involves extensive ranching, typically on leased public lands, constrained by agrarian reform.
- Integrated Farming: Combines cattle farming with agricultural crops, using small vacant lots.
Selection and Breeding
- Importance of breed selection based on performance compatibility with environmental conditions and market needs.
- Breeding methods include continuous (internal replacements) and terminal (external replacements).
- Genetic types:
- Bos taurus (European cattle)
- Bos indicus (Zebu or humped cattle)
Health and Production Factors
- Health indicators involve alertness, coat condition, and moisture levels in the muzzle.
- Encouragement to buy stock during the dry season (January-April) for cost advantages and ease of transport.
- Focus on inherent muscularity and dressing percentage affecting actual meat yield.
Housing Considerations
- Animal Housing: Critical for health; includes factors like food access, ventilation, and space.
- Cow Calf Operations: Typically utilize simple sheds made from local materials, with a designated space of 1.5 to 4.5 sqm per animal.
- Fattening Operations: Individual stalls sized 1.5m x 4m to enhance management and productivity.
Nutrition Essentials
- Market cattle require 2-3% of body weight as dry matter intake for optimal health.
- Nutritional requirements include:
- Crude Protein (CP): 9-14%
- Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): 65-85%
- Calcium and Phosphorus ratios necessary for health.
Reproductive Health
- Nutrient deficiencies prior to breeding can impair fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
- Nutritional needs increase during late pregnancy, specifically for protein and minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Facilities and Infrastructure
- Properly designed facilities reduce stress during handling, with emphasis on good construction and placement for efficient operation.
- Fencing used for confinement and management of grazing to prevent overgrazing and protect against hazards.
Feeding and Growth Phases
- Growing phase emphasizes protein for rapid muscle and bone increase; energy needed for protein synthesis.
- Finishing phase focuses on fat deposition, with compensatory growth observed after energy restriction phases.### Nutritional Importance in Cattle Management
- Adequate nutrition is crucial for reproductive tract health and overall cow longevity.
- Nutrient intake correlates directly with the amount of milk produced; higher yields necessitate greater nutrient proportions.
Common Farm By-Products
-
Rice Straw:
- Suitable for growing-fattening cattle, can constitute up to 40% of the total diet.
- Ensure proper storage to protect against weather conditions.
- Contains 3-4% protein, 0.04%-0.08% phosphorus, and 0.20%-0.30% calcium.
-
Corn Cobs:
- Can be fed coarsely ground, making up to 45% of the total ration.
- Comprises 45% total digestible nutrients and 3% crude protein.
- Higher in crude fiber and more digestible compared to rice straw.
-
Silage:
- Excess herbage can be preserved during rainy months for use in dry months.
- Must utilize improved grasses or grass-legume combinations.
Urea and Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
- Allows cattle to leverage dietary NPN to fulfill part of their protein needs.
- NPN is converted into microbial proteins usable in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Urea:
- Contains 45% nitrogen; crude protein equivalent calculated as %N x 6.25%.
- 1 kg of urea yields 2.81 kg of crude protein.
Feeding Systems
-
All Roughage Feeding System:
- Typical for extensive cattle production.
- Requires 1 hectare of pasture per animal unit per year.
- Supplement with silage, hay, or residues during summer months.
-
Roughage-Concentrate Feeding System:
- Concentrates provide high digestible energy, low fiber, and may vary in protein content.
- Sources include grains, oil meals, root crops, and grain by-products.
- Gradual introduction of concentrates is necessary to avoid rumen acidosis.
Water Management
- Essential for regulating temperature, growth, reproduction, lactation, and digestion.
- Limited water intake can significantly affect animal performance, leading to rapid declines in health.
- Cattle should consume 0.5% - 1% of body weight in water daily.
Growth and Culling Practices
- Maintain records to track genetically superior cattle for breeding.
- Culling criteria include poor milk production, weak health, and failure to conceive.
- Culling should occur every 1.5 - 2 years to maintain herd quality.
Cattle Identification and Management
- Identification aids in management and ownership recognition.
- Methods include branding, ear tags, and ear notching.
- Dehorning reduces space needs and potential injury risks, achieved through methods like caustic soda or dehorning irons.
Breeding and Reproduction
- Target breeding age is ideally between 18-20 months, with actual breeding occurring at around 24 months.
- Target breeding weight should be 250-300 kg, equating to 60% of mature body weight.
- Mating systems include natural methods (hand and pasture mating) and artificial insemination, necessitating good estrus detection.
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