The Cattle Industry Update 2023-2024 PDF

T H E C AT T L E INDUSTRY LUISA SOARES LMV, FHEA, MRCVS LECTURE B IN PRODUCTION ANIMAL MEDICINE  LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture should be able to Describe the cattle industry in the UK, including the production cycles for dairy and beef. Identi...

T H E C AT T L E INDUSTRY LUISA SOARES LMV, FHEA, MRCVS LECTURE B IN PRODUCTION ANIMAL MEDICINE  LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture should be able to Describe the cattle industry in the UK, including the production cycles for dairy and beef. Identify common breeds of cattle. Recognise vocabulary relating to cattle production. 2 FA R M I N G : A R A B L E V S L I V E S C TO C K 3  C AT T L E T E R M I N O L O G Y Dairy cow. Kept for milk production. Beef cow. Kept for meat production. Native vs Continental. Crossbred. an animal that is a product of the crossing of two or more breeds. 4 D A I RY V S B E E F C AT T L E HOLSTEIN 6 JERSEY 7 SHORTHORN 8 AY R S H I R E 9 BROWN SWISS 10 MONTBELIARDE 11 FLECKVIEH 12 HEREFORD 13 ABERDEEN-ANGUS 14 LIMOUSIN 15 CHAROLAIS 16 S I M M E N TA L 17 BELGIAN BLUE (BLANC BLEU BELGE) 18  C AT T L E T E R M I N O L O G Y Sire (father). Dam (mother). Pre-weaning Calf. period from birth to weaning at ~8-10 weeks old. GIT transition from monogastric to ruminant. Heifer. a female bovine that will/has calved for the first time in her life. Steer/ Bullock. male bovine that has been castrated. Bull. Entire sexually mature male. 19  C AT T L E T E R M I N O L O G Y Springer. a cow or heifer close to calving. Transition cow. a cow that is within the period of 3 weeks pre and 3 weeks post- calving. Fresh cow. a cow that has recently given birth and is beginning to produce milk. Dry cow. a dairy cow that is no longer producing milk. They are usually pregnant, and have a dry period of ~60 days before calving. Freemartin. a female that is the twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex. 20 THE LIFECYCLE OF THE DAIRY COW Pre-weaning calf Weaned Transition cow Bulling heifer Far-off dry cow Calving Bred heifer Low group Springing heifer Calving Mid group High group Fresh cow 21 THE LIFECYCLE OF THE DAIRY COW 22  C AT T L E T E R M I N O L O G Y Cow-calf operation / suckler herd. a management unit that maintains a breeding herd of cows and produces weaned calves for sale. Feeder cattle. those requiring more growth and/or fattening before slaughter. Feedlot. beef cattle enterprise where cattle are placed in confinement, fed harvested feeds and fattened for slaughter. Finished Cattle. fed cattle whose time in the feedlot is completed and are now ready for slaughter. 23 THE LIFECYCLE OF THE BEEF COW Pre-weaning calf Weaned calf Close-up cow Breeding heifer Store animal Fattening animal Block service of cows 24  U K C AT T L E I N D U S T R Y In the UK there are ~9.4 million cattle (DEFRA, 2021). 10200 THOUSANDS HEAD 10000 Beef. ~1.4 million breeding beef cows. 9800 Average UK consumer eats 18kg beef/yr. UK imports ~112,000 tonnes of beef (AHDB, 2021). 9600 9400 Dairy. 98% of people in the UK regularly eat/drink dairy 9200 products. ~1.9 million milking dairy cows. 9000 UK is the 3rd largest milk producer in Europe after Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Germany and France. 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 ~18% of total agricultural output in UK. UK produced >6 billion litres of liquid drinking milk. UK produced ~ 5 million kg of cheese. 25  Number of farms Dairy ~13,200 farms. Average herd size 148 cows. Beef ~26,000 farms. Average herd size 26 cows. http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/lddg-pop-report- cattle2020.pdf 26  C AT T L E P R I C E S Dairy heifer ~£1500. Dairy cow ~£1100. 27  C AT T L E P R I C E S Cull Cow weighs 500 - 800kg. Bulls 1000kg. Dairy Cull cow price 155p/kg. Dead weight ~60% liveweight. £558. Beef cull cow price 188p/kg. 28 C AT T L E P R I C E S 29 MILK PRICES 30 MARGINS 31  O R G A N I C C AT T L E P R O D U C T I O N Free-range: at pasture whenever conditions allow (average 200 days/year). Fewer pesticides + no artificial fertilizers on pasture. More strict rules regarding antibiotic usage. Reduced production, both milk and meat. Higher market value Milk ~56 p/L (Arla, Aug 2022). Soil Association & OMSCO. 32  FA R M A S S U R A N C E S C H E M E Red Tractor is a single scheme accepted by all major buyers. They monitor what consumers value the most about their food and understand what they expect from farmers. These values are translated into practical on- farm standards so Red Tractor farmers can demonstrate they are producing what consumers want. Animal welfare Food safety Traceability Environmental protection 33  FA R M A C C R E D I TAT I O N S C H E M E S CHeCS. Cattle Health Certification Standards. Can be accredited free from BVD, IBR, Leptospirosis, Johne’s disease, TB and Neospora. The technical document that details the rules of accreditation are designed by industry leaders and experts, and details programmes for monitoring, control and eradication of disease. Premium Cattle Health Scheme – SRUC/SAC. HiHealth Herdcare Cattle Health Scheme – Biobest. 34  FA R M A C C R E D I TAT I O N S C H E M E S BVD FREE. English voluntary initiative for BVD control. Tested animals are accessible on a national database, providing farmers traceability when buying and selling stock. Scottish BVD Eradication Policy. Mandatory annual BVD screening of herds in Scotland since 2013. There has been a steadily increasing number of controls introduced, which now includes movement restrictions on ‘not negative’ herds. Over 4000 PIs have been identified since the start of the scheme. 35  FA R M A C C R E D I TAT I O N S C H E M E S Action Johne’s. Started in 2015 to help educate and engage members about Johne’s disease It aims to provide strategies to manage the control of Johne’s Disease on individual farms. BCVA Accredited Johne’s Veterinary Adviser. National Johne’s Management Plan. Mandatory part of Red Tractor in 2020. Mandatory for some milk purchasers. 36  GOVERNMENT DEFRA the UK government department responsible for safeguarding our natural environment, supporting our world-leading food and farming industry, and sustaining a thriving rural economy. APHA - safeguard animal and plant health for the benefit of people, the environment and the economy. AHDB - The Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) helps to make Great Britain’s livestock, dairy and agriculture sectors more successful, providing market information to improve supply chain transparency and stimulating demand in the UK and export markets. AHDB is an executive non-departmental public body, sponsored by DEFRA. #universityofsurrey 37  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Mycobacterium bovis. Zoonotic. badgers, deer, goats, pigs and camelids (llamas and alpacas), as well as many other mammals. In cattle, TB is primarily a chronic respiratory disease but clinical signs are rare. Human cases of TB caused by M. bovis infection are rare, but it can cause significant problems in developing countries. routine pasteurisation of milk is highly effective. 38  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Around 7.7 million cattle TB tested per year. 12 months ending March 2023 – 30,579 cattle were slaughtered in GB (37,100 in 2022). Compensation Dairy Cow ~£1300 Dairy pre-calving Heifer ~£500-1000 Beef cow ~£1100 Beef bull ~£1500. #universityofsurrey 39 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS - INCIDENCE https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tuberculosis-tb-in-cattle-in-great-britain 40  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS High risk areas Herefordshire Worcestershire Shropshire Staffordshire West midlands Avon Cornwall Devonshire Dorset Gloucestershire Somerset Wiltshire. 41  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Number of herds under disease restrictions at the end of the period as a percentage of registered and active herds – England. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tuberculosis-tb-in-cattle-in-great-britain 42  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Skin Test Comparative test using Bovine and Avian tuberculins. Blood test – Gamma interferon. Proactive Badger culling across a zone = 23% reduction in cattle TB incidence. Reactive culling of badgers around affected farms increased cattle TB incidence by 27%. https://tbhub.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/RBCT-badger-culling-fact- sheet.pdf 43  L I V E S TO C K FA R M I N G S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y https://www.nfuonline.com/archive?treeid=140205 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agri-climate-report-2021/agri-climate-report-2021 44 Any Questions? [email protected] 45 46