Poultry Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases PDF

POULTRY - INFECTIOUS caused by paint or orchard spray AND NON INFECTIOUS > 7.2 mg/kg body weight is DISEASES lethal Vitamin Deficiency Preve...

POULTRY - INFECTIOUS caused by paint or orchard spray AND NON INFECTIOUS > 7.2 mg/kg body weight is DISEASES lethal Vitamin Deficiency Prevention: 1. Vitamin A Provide chickens their a. Nutritional Roup feed, avoid scattering b. Ataxia Test soil and water for c. Night Blindness lead concentration 2. Vitamin D Prevent soil access by a. Rickets elevated wood pallets 3. Vitamin E with rubber mats a. Encephalomalacia Check peeling exterior b. Muscular dystrophy paint c. 4. Vitamin B Immunosuppressive a. Thiamine Deficiency Diseases/Viral Diseases b. Riboflavin Deficiency 1. Mareck's Disease c. Pantothenic Deficiency Other names: Skin d. Biotin Deficiency leukosis, fowl paralysis 5. Manganese and Choline Etiology- Herpes Virus - Deficiency oncogenic a. Slipped tendon/perosis Neural and visceral orthopedic tumors condition Exposure to MDV occurs gastrocnemius by horizontal infection tendon is Resistant to unaligned from environmental exposure intercondylar Remain viable for long groove of the hock periods in houses esp if joint not decontaminated between cycles FLUORESCENCE OF BLOOD ON Infected birds shed EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT is useful dander or feather dust in diagnosis of this poisoning: Distributed by wind, equipment, and Lead Toxicity personnel  Enlargement of are recognized. peripheral nerves results Pathogenic in paresis of legs or Delaware A-E wings which progresses doinates USA and to paralysis Central America. ○ Type 1 - vvIBD occurs Attenuated frequently in chicken strain Middle East, Asia, ○ Type 2 - Africa. Apathogenic ○ Type 2 - Turkey chicken strain strains. ○ Type 3 - Apathogenic to Apathogenic chickens. turkey, strain Depressed, recumbency, Prevention: ruffled plumage, white Vaccination (MDV diarrhea. after hatching No characteristics signs subcutaneously at specific to IBD the neck. 7-14 Live IBD Virus with days for immunity) Bursaplex Newly hatched Available in-ovo or at should not be with day old by subcutaneous older flocks until 6 route months old Effective in high levels of 2. Infectious Bursal Disease maternal body Infects 20-60 day old 3. Chicken Infectious Anemia chicks Caused by Chicken Edema and swelling of Anemia Virus cloacal bursa, vent Aplastic anemia, pecking, prostration, and generalized lymphoid mortality. atrophy with concomitant Etiology: Avibirnavirus immunosuppression. strains Etiology: A ○ Type 1 - Classic non-enveloped and highly icosahedral DNA-virus, pathogenic classified as circovirus (vvIBD) serotype  Vertical and Horizontal Infection occurs through Routes inhalation, ingestion immunosuppressive Companion birds, Responsible for mortality backyard flocks, game of up to 10% in affected fowl serves as reservoirs broiler flocks Virus can be isolated Vaccination at 12-15 through: oropharyngeal weeks swab, cloacal swab, or 4. NewCastle Disease tissue Avian Pest Hitchner B1- Acute, rapidly spreading administered at D1 with respiratory disease boosters: eyedrops, Harsh breathing, drinking, aerosol coughing, sneezing, with Subsequent ot without nervous vaccinations 14th/24th manifestations day and 8 week Hitchner B1B1 is vaccinated B1 or LaSota during 5. Infectious Laryngotracheitis Sample is collected Highly contagious upper Etiology: antigenically respiratory tract disease related strains of avian Replicates conjunctiva paramyxovirus, type 1 and tracheal mucosa at Three categories of viral first week of infection pathogenicity result in Epithelial cells at larynx different clinical forms of and trachea are always the diseases. affected ○ Velogenic-viscerot Respiratory tract ropic virus - acute sinuses, air sacs, and osnet, highly lethal lung tissue may not ○ Mesogenic virus - always be affected acute, moderately Coughing, gasping, lethal disease with severe hemorrhagic nervous and tracheitis, moderate respiratory signs conjunctivitis, mild ○ Lentogenic virus - hemorrhagic tracheitis mild respiratory Etiology: Gallid infection herpesvirus 1  Direct contact with are operated with clinically affected substandard biosecurity chickens or recovered Hemorrhages - serosa of permanent carriers all viscera, mucosa, Expectoration of blood lymphoid structure of with cyanosis of the intestinal and respiratory head due to dyspnea tracts. Effective protection 7. Infectious Bronchitis through egg-embryo Viral disease propagated vaccine High mortality in young, administered in drinking drop in egg production water Etiology: Specific strains 6. Avian Influenza of an avian coronavirus Subcutaneous Direct contact or hemorrhage on feet and indirectly by fomites shanks Moderate morbidity, low Ischemic necrosis of flock mortality comb and wattle associated with Incubation period: 14 respiratory rales days (gurgling and snicking), Etiology: Diverse type A ocular discharge. orthomyxovirus by Reduced egg hemagglutinating and production, Malformed neuraminidase antigens shells. Vary in pathogenicity 8. Fowl Pox and effect ranges from Etiology: Fowl poxvirus From mild respiratory (FPV), Pigeon poxvirus disease (LPAI) to (PPV), Canary poxvirus catastrophic losses (CPV) associated with viscero Slow spreading viral and pan systemic disease infection (HPAI) Lesions on the Wild Birds - reservoirs unfeathered skin, mucus and transmit infection to membranes of the oral subsistence flocks or cavity, larynx, or trachea commercial units which Transmission through arthropods  (mosquitoes), from flock contaminated equipment introduced or personnel. 9. Mycoplasmosis Clinically affected birds Etiology: Mycoplasma show unilateral or galllisepticum and M. bilateral ocular Synoviae discharge progressing to Chronic respiratory facial cellulitis and disease caused by M. chronic sinusitis. gallisepticum and Acute cases show synovitis and severe conjunctivitis and airsacculitis due to M. inflammation of the synoviae infection, occur periorbital fascia. world-wide. 11. Aspergillosis in Poultry Vertical route from Etiology infected parent to Various fungi including progeny Aspergillus Contact between fumigatus.Contamination clinically affected or of egg shells with recovered carriers and Aspergillus spores susceptible flocks results in colonization of Chronic respiratory signs the air cell. Ocular discharge, Horizontal transmission tracheal rales can occur in the Emaciated and show hatchery or during purulent nasal discharge handling and delivery. in acute arthritis at hock Affected chicks are and stifle joints disinclined to move and 10. Infectious Coryza show labored breathing Etiology: Three with extension of the haemophilus head,frequently paragallinarum accompanied by a designated A, B, and C whistling rale. Infection follows direct Mycotic encephalitis contact with clinically (infection of the brain) affected or results in lateral asymptomatic carriers or recumbency, indirect contact with  incoordination and Chronic cases show coarse muscletremors. abscessation of the Confirmation of the viscera (heart, internal diagnosis requires serosa,lungs, liver) and culture using an chronic caseous typhlitis appropriate fungal characterized by grey medium (Sabouraud’s casts in the ceca. dextrose agar). Recovered carriers can 12. Salmonellosis (Pullorum) be identified using the Etiology: Salmonella rapid whole blood plate pullorum 13. Salmonellosis (Typhoid) Pullorum disease (or Etiology: Salmonella “bacillary white gallinarum diarrhea”, BWD) is Vertical and lateral potentially world-wide in transmission occurs as distribution but in for S. pullorum. practice is confined to Diarrhea, depression non-commercial flocks in and a decline in egg many countries. production are observed Vertical transmission in mature flocks but occurs by the these signs are not transovarial route diagnostic. Horizontal transmission Administration of live 9R takes place by direct strain S. gallinarum contact between vaccine during the clinically affected and rearing period will recovered carriers and eliminate outbreaks of by indirectcontact clinical disease. The pathogen can 14. Pasteurellosis remain viable in soil for Etiology: Pasteurella up to a year. multocida serotypes Birds may show copious (including 1, 3, & 4) white diarrhea and which vary in accumulation of fecal pathogenicity. material adherent to the Chronic infection may be plumage surrounding the recognized by vent. enlargement of the  wattles, lameness plumage, and diarrhea. caused by arthritis and Birds infected with E. torticollis (twisted necks) tenella show pallor of the due to otitis interna comb and wattles and (infection of the inner blood-stained cecal ear). droppings. Acute cases show ○ E. acervulina and enlargement of the E. mivati: 1-2 mm spleen and liver with areas of punctate hemorrhages hemorrhage of the viscera including interspersed with the heart.Subacute white foci visible cases may show gray through the granulomatous foci in serosa of the the liver. distal duodenum Caseous cellulitis of the and proximal wattles and seropurulent jejunum. arthritis may be present ○ E. necatrix: severe in chronic cases. distention of the In acute cases, mid-jejunum with characteristic bipolar hemorrhages in organisms may be the mucosa and observed in red-stained fluid in Giemsa-stained smears the lumen. of heart blood. ○ E. maxima: distention of the Enteric Diseases mid-jejunum with 1. Coccidiosis hemorrhages in Etiology: Various the mucosa. Eimeria spp which ○ E. tenella: parasitize specific hemorrhagic portions of the intestinal typhlitis tract of chickens. (inflammation of Coccidiosis is generally the cecum). acute in onset and is ○ E. brunetti: characterized by hemorrhages of depression, ruffled the mucosa of the  distal jejunum and Pathogenic strains of C. colon. perfringens may be ○ Fibrinonecrotic introduced onto farms by enteritis may deficiencies in hygiene occur in chronic andbiosecurity. cases. Ingestion of the ○ Administration of vegetative form of the amprolium organisms invariably solution, 0.024% result in colonization of of the active the intestinal tract. ingredient in Chickens affected with drinking water for NE develop rigor 3 - 5 days. (“stiffness”) within 1 hour Sulfonamides of death (sulfamethazine , Chickens with botulism 0.1% for 2 days, show ascending paresis 0.05% for 4 days and then paralysis or commercial extending cranial from combinations of the legs,impairing sulfa drugs)in locomotion. drinking water. Terminally affected birds 2. Clostridial Enterotoxemia are in sternal Etiology: Clostridium recumbency with flaccid perfringens and C. necks, ruffled plumage botulinum are ubiquitous and extension of the soil contaminants. nictitating membrane Clostridium botulinum is over the cornea. responsible for botulism, an enterotoxemia resulting in progressive paralysis.