Approach to Poultry GI Disease PDF

APPROACH TO COELOMIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH GIT AND THE LIVER OLUWOLE ONI (PHD) Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LO’S 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations associated with coelomic disorders associated with GIT and the liver, and...

APPROACH TO COELOMIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH GIT AND THE LIVER OLUWOLE ONI (PHD) Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LO’S 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations associated with coelomic disorders associated with GIT and the liver, and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions in the management and treatment of coelomic disorders, associated with GIT and the liver, in poultry. 3. Determine appropriate prognosis, based on an individual animal and a flock. 4. Determine control measures appropriate for coelomic disorders, associated with GIT and the liver, in poultry.  GASTROINTESTINAL Adult birds (layers & Young birds 7-40d breeders) Other poultry Chicks 0-7 days Trichomonas P Trichomonas P Gizzard impaction Coccidiosis (check bedding material) (E.acervulina, Crop impaction P Crop impaction – turkey P E.maxima, E.tenella, Non-starters E.necatrix) Ingluvitis (Candida albicans) P Ingluvitis (Candida albicans) P (chicks can survive off their yolk sac’s for 3 days. Parasitic gastroenteritis Parasitic gastroenteritis Environmental reason?) Enteritis (Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum) P Spironucleosis - game Starve outs Necrotic enteritis (chicks have clearly started Histomoniasis (Blackhead) Histomoniasis (Blackhead) to feed, but then stopped. Rotavirus Environmental reason?) Enteritis Enteritis Rotavirus Gizzard ulceration N.B. Ducks & (mechanical, adenovirus, Necrotic enteritis Turkey viral haemorrhagic geese don’t have mycotoxins) disease crops Coccidiosis (E.necatrix)  H E PAT I C Adult birds (layers & Chicks 0-7 days Young birds 7-40d Other poultry breeders) Bacterial hepatitis Bacterial hepatitis Histomoniasis (Blackhead) Histomoniasis (Blackhead) (often secondary to (often secondary due to bacterial translocation bacterial translocation Bacterial hepatitis Bacterial hepatitis from gut/yolk from gut/respiratory (Erysipelis, Pasturellosis) (Erysipelis, Pasturellosis) sac/respiratory causing causing septicaemia) septicaemia) Spotty liver syndrome Inclusion body hepatitis Metabolic hypoglyaemia  CLINICAL SIGNS Hunched, tail down, fluffed-up Penguin stance Oral lesions Crop distension or impaction Regurgitation Emaciation and cachexia Abnormal droppings – profuse water, urate “dribbling”, diarrhoea, blood in droppings, undigested food. Reduced activity and Behaviour  APPROACH TO GI DISEASE Commercial Pet/backyard Full history PM – Diseased birds Clinical examination including Full intestinal inspection (crop – palpation of crop and abdomen to rectum) to localise the lesion localise the lesion Faecal smears [FEC, FOC, Further investigations Microscopy (coccidian, Microscopy of content & intestinal wall spirochaetes), Gram stain scrapes – protozoa, bacteria (clostridia)] Histology – coccidiosis, viral, bacterial Faecal culture (Salmonella diseases Gallinarum, Salmonella Pullorum or Brachyspira species) Electron microscopy – intestinal viruses Biochemistry/Haematology Virus isolation PM if died www.Poultryhub.org  Task 2 B I R D G I A N ATO M Y Anatomy revision: http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body-systems/digestive-system/ Anatomy revision: http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body- systems/digestive-system/ Task: 1 What is this?  Task 3 Characterise diarrhoea Haematochezia, Melena Colour Steatorrhea Greasy, slippery faeces Maldigestion Undigested feed passage Malabsorption High moisture content W H AT D O E S “ W E T L I T T E R ” M E A N ? ↑ Litter moisture Environmental Diarrhoea Intestinal Caecal diarrhoea diarrhoea Normal  TRICHOMONAS (CANKER) Motile protozoa Plaques in upper GIT Perform scrapes and microscopy Harkers Carnidazole Tablets 10 mg (never eat eggs!) Metronidazole NEVER  CROPS Impaction Stasis Candidiasis (Sour-crop) http://forum.backyardpoultry.com/viewtopic.php?t=7981275&p=389769 13http://www.backyardchickens. com/image/id/13334285 CROP DISEASE Crop bind / impaction Metaclopromide 2-3x per daily Liquid paraffin/lactulose & warm water via tube then massage Fluids (via tube or IV) Feed via tube (emerid/oxbow omnivore) Or surgical emptying and flushing Crop distension often recurrent as neuro. Bad prognosis Crop candidiasis / mycosis / sour crop Nystatin, Itraconazole (no eat eggs!) & surgical draining/flushing POOR PERFORMANCE Unevenness (weight variation) Runted (individual birds) Flock below target weight (breed standard) Poor growth? Wasting? G I Z Z A R D U L C E R AT I O N Mild Trauma, foreign body Severe Adenovirus Mycotoxins Tx: Supportive Px: Nutrition, vaccination  COCCIDIOSIS Non-motile protozoa - Eimeria Costs industry £500million! Host specific Microscopy (Faeces if a pet) Intestinal wall scrapes (Superficial of Deep) Histopathology to confirm E.acervulina E.maxima E.tenella E.necatrix Jejunum + Ileum Duodenum +/- Meckel’s diverticulum Caeca Task 4: Which cocci?  Unsporulated Sporulation Coccidia lifecycle oocyst shed (warmth, O2, moisture Sporulated oocysts (infective, thick walled & Sexual reproduction resistant) = Gametogony when ingested macro and microgametes come Sporocysts together into zygotes released Sporozoites released and invade gut cells Summary: Oocyst in faeces is initially non- infectious. Infectious in 2 days with ideal humidity, temperature and oxygen. Progeny released by killing caecal Asexual reproduction intestinal cell at each stage. = Schizogony x >2 1 ingested oocyst can give rise to Merozoites released from schizonts → millions of progeny in 7 days. intestinal damage (fluid, blood loss)  Emerging resistance COCCIDIOSIS Public awareness? Challenges of production (only possible to generate oocysts in live chickens) Tx: (Anticoccidials) Px: Amprolium Coccidiostats Toltrazuril Live vaccination (5 or 8 strains) Supportive : temperature, feed Hygiene – reduce carry-over of program, vitamins, electrolytes oocysts between crops Control litter moisture Reduce stocking density???  Remove faeces, Coccidiostat program e.g. moisture control, oocydes, heat 0-10d Nicarbazin -26d Narasin & nicarbazin >26d - kill Narasin Or 0-28d Narasin & nicarbazin 28d-30d Monensin 2d until kill nothing Nicarbazin/narasin: prevent development of sporozoites Monensin: vacuolation and swelling of Nicarbazin: intracellular sporozoites → deleterious action degeneration of sporozoites on schizogony ENTERITIS MULTIFACTORIAL, including stress, coccidiosis, enteric viruses e.g. reovirus, rotavirus etc. Clostridia overgrowth (should be in caeca not jejunum!) Can develop into necrotic enteritis if not managed. Tx: Balanced diet Pathogen Nursing – see slide Amoxycillin if Clostridial Host Environment NECROTIC ENTERITIS Clostridium perfringens ubiquitous, commensal (caeca) Multifactorial Acute overgrowth and toxin formation (mainly C.perfringens type A) → Severe necrosis of mucosa → Haematochezia, melena, anaemia, “sudden death” Treatment: Penicillin, Tylosin S P I R O N U C L E O S I S ( U S E D TO B E H E X A M I TA ) Motile protozoa Microscopy int. content Treatment: None, Oxytetracycline to control secondary bacteria infection. Electrolytes Supportive  HISTOMONIASIS (BLACKHEAD) Motile protozoa Signs: “sudden death”, black head? Treatment: none Oregano extract used to reduce challenge Prevention Earthworms intermediate host – indoor Heterakis transport host - worm Lime treat range Biosecurity  For revision of chicken parasites: https://nadis.org.uk/disease-a- z/poultry/diseases-of-farmyard-poultry/part-4-external-and- internal-parasites-of-chickens/ WORMS Heterakis gallinarum = 6w ppp Ascaridia sp. (Roundworm) = 5-10w ppp Capillaria sp. (Hairworm, mortality, crop- int) = 6w ppp Tapeworms Eggs are resistant in environment May have intermediate hosts May be hosts for other pathogens FEC Tx: Flubendazole (0d), fenbendazole (0d), praziquantel (7d), ivermectin (14d) NURSING On farm: Pets: Improve spread of birds Warm environment Increase litter temperature With company (do not isolate!) Stimulate appetite Feed programme Warm pellet porridge (pellets & water) Vitamins & Electrolytes Improve litter quality & comfort Weigh bird daily, at same time Re-bed litter each day, to monitor weight and Review ventilation feed intake Cull very sick birds Feeding via crop tube with Contact the vet if litter conditions critical care omnivore diets if deteriorate further or do not inappetant or water if resolve dehydrated.  EGG BOUND Egg bound? Very rare but often misused term. Usually salpingitis. Diagnosis – radiographs & ultrasound Tx – GA, analgesia, cloacal palpation, using a 18G needle penetrate the egg and drain it to reduce likelihood of infection. Break the egg up by forceps and remove it gradually. She is likely to pass pieces of egg in the next few days. Use antibiotics only if visibly unwell as may have secondary peritonitis. Salpingitis requires surgery.  PERITONITIS Sick hen with no temperature and no abdominal distension, not emaciated and clear fluid on coelomcentesis Tx: NSAID’s e.g. meloxicam Sick hen, pyrexic, distended and emaciated or fluid on extraction appears purulent (be aware the difference of small yolk particles compared to purulent material) Tx: NSAID’s & antibiotics e.g meloxicam & Amoxicillin, Tetracyclines or TMPS P M E R ES U LT S ( M A R E KS D I S EA S E ) #universityofsurrey 32 COELOMIC DISORDER #universityofsurrey 33 APPROACH TO LIVER DISEASE PME Bacterial culture Histopathology Organ sample for PCR or virus isolation In pets if cannot PME, palpation will often tell you a lot, blood sampling for serology, biochemistry/haematology & diagnostic imaging e.g. ultrasound  APPROACH TO LIVER DISEASE Others: Haemorrhage Adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis Fatty liver disease Colibaccilosis Spotty liver disease Visceral gout Histomoniasis Bacterial hepatitis Mareks T R E AT M E N T O F L I V E R D I S E A S E Erysipelas, Pasturellosis, Colisepticaemia = antimicrobials based on culture & sensitivity, usually Amoxicillin or Tetracyclines IBH (adenovirus) = Supportive therapy Histomoniasis (motile protozoon) = Oregano extract (no licenced prescription medication) Marek’s disease = none, vaccinate future flocks  Biosecurity Husbandry DISEASE PREVENTION Health monitoring Hygiene REFERENCES Additional resource Richard Jackson, Approach to diarrhoea in backyard chickens, In Practice 2015 37: 244-250 Cocci immunity: http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/27665/swinkels.pdf ?sequence=2