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# Medical Sur... ## Nursing Diagnoses 1. Anxiety related to complex disease process, treatment options, and prognosis. 2. Ineffective individual coping related to life-altering disease process. 3. Fear of death and dying. ## Nursing Interventions: ### a- Reducing Anxiety 1. Establish and sustain a...

# Medical Sur... ## Nursing Diagnoses 1. Anxiety related to complex disease process, treatment options, and prognosis. 2. Ineffective individual coping related to life-altering disease process. 3. Fear of death and dying. ## Nursing Interventions: ### a- Reducing Anxiety 1. Establish and sustain an unhurried approach to give the patient time and organize fears, thoughts, and feelings. 2. Allow patient to share feelings about having cancer. 3. Reflect and amplify insights and judgments; try to reduce anxiety through reflection and reorientation. 4. Recognize feelings of losing control. 5. Discuss methods of stress reduction (imagery, relaxation, biofeedback). 6. Discuss the positive aspects of treatment. 7. Encourage expression of positive emotions - emphasis on living in the here and now, greater appreciation of life, etc. 8. Reinforce effective coping behaviors. 9. Encourage patient to join a support group. 10. Remain available as problems arise. Give patient telephone numbers of persons to all when needed - creates a sense of security. 11. Initiate referrals for additional rehabilitation and psychosocial services as appropriate. ## Promoting Effective Coping 1. Encourage patient and family members to enroll in cancer education program. 2. Encourage patient to learn everything about treatment plan, because this promotes a sense of control. 3. Provide expert physical care while teaching patient to take over care as able. 4. Assist patient in strengthening support system (family, friends, visitors, health care staff and volunteers, support groups) - strengthens self-esteem through the experience of feeling accepted and valued. 5. Help patient readjust expectations and goals to promote ongoing