World Religions Exam Review PDF

https://chatgpt.com/share/679002df-aa14-8002-a573-2ae8f2cdd71d Grade 11 World Religions Exam Review Unit 1: Introduction to Religion Key Terms ​ Monotheistic: Belief in one God (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, Islam). ​ Polytheistic: Belief in multiple gods (e.g., Hinduism). ​ Creed: Centr...

https://chatgpt.com/share/679002df-aa14-8002-a573-2ae8f2cdd71d Grade 11 World Religions Exam Review Unit 1: Introduction to Religion Key Terms ​ Monotheistic: Belief in one God (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, Islam). ​ Polytheistic: Belief in multiple gods (e.g., Hinduism). ​ Creed: Central set of shared beliefs defining a religion (e.g., Nicene Creed in Christianity). ​ Code: Ethical rules or guidelines for behavior (e.g., Ten Commandments, Sharia). ​ Cult: Rituals and methods of worship (e.g., sacraments, meditation, prayer). ​ Community: The people who share and practice a common faith. Key Concepts ​ Four C's of Religion: ○​ Creed: What is believed (e.g., Trinity in Christianity, Shahadah in Islam). ○​ Code: Ethical rules (e.g., Golden Rule, Dharma). ○​ Cult: How faith is practiced (e.g., prayer, sacraments, rituals). ○​ Community: The religious group (e.g., Church, Ummah). ​ Common Elements of Religions: ○​ Place of Worship: Synagogue, Church, Mosque, Temple. ○​ Sacred Places: Jerusalem (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Mecca (Islam), Varanasi (Hinduism). ○​ Holy Days: Sabbath (Judaism), Ramadan (Islam), Diwali (Hinduism). ○​ Founders: Abraham (Judaism), Jesus (Christianity), Muhammad (Islam), Siddhartha Gautama (Buddhism). Unit 2: Judaism Key Terms ​ Abraham: Patriarch of Judaism, established the covenant with God​. ​ Covenant: A sacred agreement between God and His people​​. ​ Shema: Central prayer affirming belief in one God​. ​ Hanukkah: Festival of Lights, commemorating the rededication of the temple​.  ​ Torah / Tanakh: Sacred texts of Judaism; Torah includes the first five books​​. ​ Talmud: Collection of Jewish law, history, and tradition​. ​ Minyan: Quorum of ten required for communal prayer​. ​ Bar / Bat Mitzvah: Coming-of-age ceremony for boys (13) and girls (12)​. ​ YHWH: Sacred and unpronounceable name of God​. ​ Sabbath / Shabbat: Day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening​​. ​ Yom Kippur: Holiest day, Day of Atonement​. ​ Mitzvah: A commandment or good deed​​. ​ Kashruth / Kosher: Jewish dietary laws​​. ​ Passover: Celebrates the Exodus from Egypt​. ​ Menorah: Ritual candelabrum, symbolic of creation and the Sabbath​​. ​ Star of David: Jewish symbol linked to King David​​. ​ Circumcision: Physical mark of the covenant​. ​ Shiva: Seven-day mourning period​. ​ Tallit / Tefillin / Mezuzah: Prayer shawl, leather boxes with scripture, and doorpost scroll, respectively​​. ​ Kippah / Yarmulke: Skullcap worn as a sign of respect to God​​. ​ Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year​. ​ Rabbi: Jewish teacher and leader​​. ​ Moses: Key figure who received the Ten Commandments and led the Exodus​​. ​ Synagogue: Jewish place of worship​. Key Concepts ​ Central Beliefs: ○​ Monotheism: Belief in one God. ○​ Covenant: Agreement with God to follow His laws in return for protection and blessings. ○​ Messiah: Awaited human leader, descendant of King David. ​ Sacred Texts: ○​ Torah: Five books of Moses, read during weekly Sabbath services. ○​ Talmud: Oral law explaining and expanding on the Torah. ○​ Tanakh: Hebrew Bible including Torah, Prophets, and Writings. ​ Practices: ○​ Sabbath (Shabbat): A day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening. ○​ Festivals: ​ Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year; a time for reflection and renewal. ​ Yom Kippur: Day of fasting and atonement. ​ Hanukkah: Festival of Lights, celebrating the rededication of the Temple. ​ Passover: Celebrates liberation from Egyptian slavery. ○​ Rituals: ​ Circumcision: Sign of the covenant between God and Abraham. ​ Kosher Laws: Dietary restrictions, including separating meat and dairy. ​ Branches of Judaism: ○​ Orthodox: Adheres strictly to traditional practices.  ○​ Conservative: Balances tradition with modernity. ○​ Reform: Focuses on ethical principles over ritual observance. Unit 3: Christianity Key Terms ​ Jesus Christ: Central figure, regarded as the Son of God and savior. ​ Apostle: One of Jesus' closest followers, sent to spread his teachings. ​ Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one God. ​ Gospels: Four books recounting Jesus' life (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John). ​ Nicene Creed: Statement of Christian faith. ​ Sacraments: Sacred rituals, such as baptism and Eucharist. Key Concepts ​ Central Beliefs: ○​ Jesus is fully divine and fully human. ○​ Salvation through Jesus' death and resurrection. ○​ Holy Trinity as a mystery of faith. ​ Practices: ○​ Sacraments: ​ Baptism: Entry into the Christian community. ​ Eucharist: Commemoration of Jesus' Last Supper. ○​ Prayer: Personal and communal communication with God. ○​ Festivals: ​ Christmas: Birth of Jesus. ​ Easter: Resurrection of Jesus. ​ 4 Cs of Christianity: ○​ Creed: Nicene Creed. ○​ Code: Teachings of Jesus (e.g., Sermon on the Mount). ○​ Cult: Worship practices including sacraments. ○​ Community: The Church. Unit 4: Islam Key Terms 1.​ Allah: ○​ Arabic word for "God."  ○​ Represents the monotheistic belief in a singular, eternal, and all-powerful deity. 2.​ Hijrah: ○​ Migration of Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. ○​ Marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. 3.​ Ka’bah: ○​ Sacred cube-shaped structure in Mecca. ○​ Central focus of Islamic prayer (Qibla) and the Hajj pilgrimage. 4.​ Qur’an: ○​ Holy book of Islam, regarded as the literal word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad by Angel Jibril. ○​ Written in Arabic, recited during prayers and memorized worldwide. 5.​ Hadith: ○​ Recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad. ○​ Second in authority to the Qur’an, guiding daily life and Islamic law. 6.​ Shahadah: ○​ Declaration of faith: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger." ○​ Central tenet of Islam, recited during conversion and daily prayers. 7.​ Salat: ○​ Ritual prayer performed five times daily. ○​ Requires facing Mecca and includes recitations, prostrations, and supplications. 8.​ Zakat: ○​ Compulsory almsgiving of 2.5% of one’s wealth to help the poor and needy. ○​ Purifies wealth and promotes social equity. 9.​ Sawm: ○​ Fasting from dawn to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. ○​ Encourages self-discipline, empathy, and spiritual growth. 10.​Hajj: ○​ Pilgrimage to Mecca required once in a lifetime for those physically and financially able. ○​ Includes rituals like Tawaf (circling the Ka’bah) and standing at Mount Arafat. 11.​Angel Jibril (Gabriel): ○​ Messenger who revealed Allah’s messages to Prophet Muhammad. ○​ Plays a central role in delivering the Qur’an. 12.​Hijab: ○​ Head covering worn by Muslim women as an act of modesty and faith. 13.​Imam: ○​ Religious leader in a mosque, responsible for leading prayers and offering guidance. 14.​Medina & Mecca:  ○​ Mecca: Birthplace of Muhammad and home of the Ka’bah. ○​ Medina: City where Muhammad established the first Muslim community. 15.​Islam: ○​ Means "submission to the will of Allah." ○​ A religion founded on monotheism, prophethood, and adherence to Allah’s guidance. 16.​Muslim: ○​ One who submits to Allah and follows the teachings of Islam. 17.​Ramadan & Eid al-Fitr: ○​ Ramadan: Holy month of fasting, reflection, and prayer. ○​ Eid al-Fitr: Festival marking the end of Ramadan, celebrating gratitude and charity. 18.​Jihad: ○​ Struggle or striving in the way of Allah. ○​ Includes personal spiritual growth and defending the faith. 19.​Surah: ○​ A chapter of the Qur’an (114 in total). ○​ Each Surah varies in length and addresses guidance for living. 20.​Wudu: ○​ Ritual washing performed before prayers to ensure physical and spiritual cleanliness. 21.​Tasbih: ○​ Prayer beads are used for reciting Allah’s names and engaging in dhikr (remembrance of Allah). Key Concepts 1.​ Origins of Islam and Beliefs Regarding Jesus, God, and the Afterlife: ○​ Allah: Monotheistic worship of Allah as the sole deity. ○​ Jesus (Isa): ​ Revered as a prophet and messenger, not the Son of God. ​ His miracles and teachings are acknowledged in the Qur’an. ○​ Afterlife: ​ Belief in life after death, where actions determine one’s fate in paradise (Jannah) or hell (Jahannam). ​ Accountability emphasized on the Day of Judgment. 2.​ Life and Significance of Prophet Muhammad: ○​ Early Life: ​ Born in Mecca in 570 CE, known for honesty and integrity (Al-Amin). ○​ Prophethood: ​ Received first revelation at age 40 from Angel Jibril. ​ Preached monotheism and social justice in Mecca. ○​ Hijrah: ​ Migration to Medina to escape persecution and establish the Muslim ummah (community).  ○​ Legacy: ​ Unified Arabian tribes and established Islam as a major religion. 3.​ Origins of the Qur’an and Practices Surrounding Its Use: ○​ Origins: ​ Revealed in Arabic over 23 years. ​ Compiled into a single text after Muhammad’s death. ○​ Practices: ​ Recited during prayers and memorized by Muslims (Hafiz refers to one who memorizes the Qur’an). ​ Treated with utmost respect: not placed on the ground and handled with cleanliness. 4.​ Islamic Beliefs, Practices, Festivals, and Rituals: ○​ Beliefs: ​ Tawhid (oneness of Allah), belief in prophets, angels, sacred books, and the Day of Judgment. ○​ Festivals: ​ Eid al-Fitr: Celebration of gratitude at the end of Ramadan. ​ Eid al-Adha: Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son. ○​ Rituals: ​ Daily prayers, fasting, giving charity, and performing the Hajj pilgrimage. 5.​ Significance of the Five Pillars of Islam: ○​ Shahadah: Declaring faith and devotion to Allah. ○​ Salat: Establishes discipline and connection to Allah. ○​ Zakat: Encourages social responsibility and helps the less fortunate. ○​ Sawm: Promotes spiritual growth and self-restraint. ○​ Hajj: Symbolizes unity and submission to Allah. 6.​ Ways Muslims Worship: ○​ Where: ​ Mosques for congregational prayers; homes or workplaces for individual prayers. ○​ When: ​ Five times daily: dawn, midday, afternoon, sunset, and night. ○​ Why: ​ To show submission to Allah and seek guidance and forgiveness. ○​ How: ​ Includes ablutions (wudu), recitation of Qur’anic verses, and prostrations facing Mecca. Unit 5: Hinduism Key Terms Key Terms 1.​ Brahman: ○​ The ultimate reality or universal soul in Hinduism. ○​ Transcendent, eternal, and formless, representing the source of all existence. 2.​ Brahma: ○​ The Creator god in the Hindu Trimurti (trinity). ○​ Associated with the creation of the universe. 3.​ Brahmin: ○​ The highest caste in the traditional Hindu caste system. ○​ Priests and scholars responsible for religious rituals and preserving sacred knowledge. 4.​ Karma: ○​ The law of cause and effect: good actions lead to positive outcomes, and bad actions lead to negative consequences. ○​ Influences one’s future rebirths in samsara. 5.​ Moksha: ○​ Liberation from the cycle of samsara (rebirth). ○​ The ultimate spiritual goal in Hinduism, achieved through self-realization and unity with Brahman. 6.​ Samsara: ○​ The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. ○​ Governed by karma until moksha is attained. 7.​ Yoga: ○​ Spiritual disciplines or paths to achieve self-realization and union with Brahman. ○​ Includes Jnana Yoga (knowledge), Bhakti Yoga (devotion), Karma Yoga (action), and Raja Yoga (meditation). 8.​ Om: ○​ Sacred sound and symbol representing the essence of Brahman and the universe. ○​ Chanted during meditation and prayers. 9.​ Nirvana: ○​ A state of ultimate peace and liberation from desire, similar to moksha. 10.​Maya: ○​ The illusion or deception of the material world. ○​ Prevents individuals from realizing the true nature of Brahman. 11.​Ahimsa: ○​ Principle of non-violence toward all living beings. ○​ Central to Hindu ethics and reflected in vegetarianism and peaceful living. 12.​Puja: ○​ Worship rituals involving offerings, prayers, and devotion to deities. ○​ Often performed at home or in temples. 13.​Ganges: ○​ Sacred river in Hinduism, believed to purify sins and grant spiritual merit.  ○​ Pilgrimage site for bathing and rituals. 14.​Varanasi: ○​ Holy city along the Ganges River. ○​ Important pilgrimage destination and site for performing rituals for the dead. 15.​Reincarnation: ○​ The belief in the rebirth of the soul into a new body. ○​ A central concept in samsara. 16.​Vedas: ○​ Ancient Hindu scriptures, considered the oldest and most authoritative texts. ○​ Includes Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. 17.​Bhagavad Gita: ○​ A sacred text within the Mahabharata. ○​ A philosophical dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna, emphasizing dharma and paths to salvation. 18.​Diwali & Holi: ○​ Diwali: Festival of Lights, symbolizing the triumph of light over darkness. ○​ Holi: Festival of Colors, celebrating spring, love, and Krishna’s playfulness. 19.​Mantra: ○​ Sacred chants or phrases used in meditation and prayer to focus the mind. 20.​Guru: ○​ A spiritual teacher who guides followers on the path to enlightenment. 21.​Avatar: ○​ Incarnation of a deity on Earth, such as Vishnu’s avatars Rama and Krishna. 22.​Atman: ○​ The individual soul or self, considered eternal and connected to Brahman. 23.​Dharma: ○​ One’s moral duty or righteousness, based on caste, stage of life, and individual circumstances. Key Concepts 1.​ Hindu Beliefs: ○​ Brahman: Ultimate reality and source of all existence. ○​ Atman: The eternal soul that seeks unity with Brahman. ○​ Karma, Dharma, and Samsara: Key principles governing life and rebirth. ○​ Moksha: Liberation from samsara through self-realization. 2.​ Paths to Salvation (Yogas): ○​ Jnana Yoga: Path of knowledge and wisdom. ○​ Bhakti Yoga: Path of devotion and love for a personal deity. ○​ Karma Yoga: Path of selfless action and duty. ○​ Raja Yoga: Path of meditation and mental discipline. 3.​ Trimurti: ○​ Brahma: The Creator. ○​ Vishnu: The Preserver, maintains cosmic order. ○​ Shiva: The Destroyer, responsible for transformation and renewal.  4.​ Caste System: ○​ Divided into four varnas: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (laborers). ○​ Reflects the division of labor and spiritual responsibilities. 5.​ Stages of Life (Ashramas): ○​ The Student: Student stage, focused on learning. ○​ The Householder: Householder stage, focusing on family and society. ○​ The hermit: Hermit stage, gradual detachment from worldly life. ○​ Sannyasa: Renunciation stage, seeking moksha. 6.​ Role and Responsibility of a Hindu: ○​ Living in harmony with dharma (moral duty). ○​ Performing daily worship (puja), rituals, and selfless actions. ○​ Respecting elders, nature, and all living beings. 7.​ Hindu Rites of Passage: ○​ Birth Ceremony: Welcoming the child into the family. ○​ Sacred Thread Ceremony: Marks a boy’s initiation into religious learning. ○​ Marriage: Sacred union and duty. ○​ Death Rituals: Cremation and spreading ashes in the Ganges, symbolizing liberation from samsara. ​ Unit 6: Buddhism Key Terms 1.​ Dharma: ○​ The teachings of the Buddha. ○​ Refers to the universal truth and the path to enlightenment. 2.​ Karma: ○​ The law of cause and effect, where actions in this life influence future rebirths. 3.​ Mandala: ○​ A symbolic, circular design representing the universe and used in meditation and rituals. 4.​ Anatta: ○​ Doctrine of "no-self," emphasizing the absence of a permanent, unchanging soul or self. 5.​ Wheel of Life: ○​ Symbolizes samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, influenced by karma. 6.​ Nirvana: ○​ Liberation from samsara and the end of suffering. ○​ A state of ultimate peace and enlightenment. 7.​ Bodhi Tree:  ○​ The tree under which Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha. 8.​ Dukkha: ○​ Suffering or dissatisfaction, a central concept in Buddhism. ○​ Recognized as the first of the Four Noble Truths. 9.​ Mantra: ○​ Sacred chants or phrases used in meditation and rituals to focus the mind. 10.​Buddha: ○​ "The Enlightened One"; title given to Siddhartha Gautama after attaining enlightenment. 11.​Four Sights: ○​ Encounters that led Siddhartha Gautama to seek enlightenment: ​ An old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a wandering ascetic. 12.​Bodhisattva: ○​ A being who seeks enlightenment not only for themselves but also for others. ○​ Central to Mahayana Buddhism. 13.​Middle Path: ○​ The balanced path between indulgence and self-denial, leading to enlightenment. 14.​Four Noble Truths: ○​ Fundamental teachings outlining the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation. 15.​Lama: ○​ A teacher or leader in Tibetan Buddhism, often regarded as a spiritual guide. 16.​Noble Eightfold Path: ○​ Practical steps for ethical living, mental discipline, and wisdom to achieve enlightenment. Key Concepts 1.​ Origins of Buddhism: ○​ Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 5th-6th century BCE in India. ○​ Born into a royal family, he renounced worldly life after witnessing the Four Sights. ○​ Achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree and began teaching the Dharma. 2.​ Symbols in Buddhism: ○​ Lotus Flower: Symbolizes purity and enlightenment. ○​ Wheel of Dharma: Represents the Buddha’s teachings and the Noble Eightfold Path. ○​ Stupa: A sacred structure containing relics, symbolizing the Buddha’s presence. 3.​ Practices: ○​ Meditation: Focuses the mind and fosters mindfulness and insight. ○​ Chanting Mantras: Helps cultivate concentration and devotion. ○​ Observance of the Five Precepts: Guides moral conduct.  4.​ Key Teachings in Buddhism: ○​ The Five Precepts: ​ Refrain from harming living beings. ​ Refrain from stealing. ​ Refrain from sexual misconduct. ​ Refrain from false speech. ​ Refrain from intoxicants that cloud the mind. ○​ The Four Noble Truths: ​ Suffering (Dukkha) exists. ​ The cause of suffering is craving and attachment (Tanha). ​ The cessation of suffering is possible (Nirvana). ​ The path to the cessation of suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path. ○​ The Noble Eightfold Path: ​ Right View: Understanding the Four Noble Truths. ​ Right Intention: Commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement. ​ Right Speech: Speaking truthfully and kindly. ​ Right Action: Behaving ethically and compassionately. ​ Right Livelihood: Earning a living in a way that does not harm others. ​ Right Effort: Cultivating positive states of mind. ​ Right Mindfulness: Developing awareness of body, feelings, and mind. ​ Right Concentration: Practicing meditation to achieve a focused mind. 5.​ Nirvana and Enlightenment: ○​ Nirvana: Ultimate liberation and freedom from the cycle of samsara. ○​ Enlightenment: A state of profound wisdom, achieved by understanding the nature of reality and overcoming ignorance. 6.​ Daily Application of the Eightfold Path: ○​ Ethical living through Right Speech, Action, and Livelihood. ○​ Mental discipline through Right Effort, Mindfulness, and Concentration. ○​ Wisdom through Right View and Intention, guiding life decisions. Comparison Table Aspect Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Founder Abraham, Jesus Christ Muhammad No single founder Siddhartha Moses Gautama Sacred Torah, Bible Qur’an Vedas, Bhagavad Tripitaka Text Tanakh Gita Belief in Monotheistic Monotheistic Monotheisti Polytheistic/Monisti Non-theistic God(s) c c Key Sabbath, Prayer, Five Pillars Puja, yoga, festivals Meditation, Practices festivals sacraments Eightfold Path Afterlife Heaven, Heaven, Hell Paradise, Rebirth, moksha Rebirth, Sheol Hell nirvana Timeline of Founding 1.​ Judaism: c. 2000 BCE (Abraham). 2.​ Hinduism: c. 1500 BCE. 3.​ Buddhism: c. 500 BCE (Siddhartha Gautama). 4.​ Christianity: c. 1st century CE (Jesus Christ). 5.​ Islam: c. 7th century CE (Prophet Muhammad). Themes & Topics for Long Answer Questions (Detailed Guide) 1. Places of Worship, Sabbath Days, and Pilgrimage Sites ​ Judaism: ○​ Place of Worship: Synagogue. ○​ Sabbath Day: Shabbat (Friday sunset to Saturday night). ○​ Pilgrimage Sites: Western Wall (Jerusalem), Temple Mount. ​ Christianity: ○​ Place of Worship: Church. ○​ Sabbath Day: Sunday. ○​ Pilgrimage Sites: Vatican (Rome), Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), Lourdes (France). ​ Islam: ○​ Place of Worship: Mosque. ○​ Sabbath Day: Friday (Jumu'ah prayer). ○​ Pilgrimage Sites: Mecca (Ka’bah), Medina, Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem). ​ Hinduism: ○​ Place of Worship: Mandir (temple). ○​ Pilgrimage Sites: Ganges River, Varanasi, Kedarnath. ​ Buddhism:  ○​ Place of Worship: Vihara (monastery or temple). ○​ Pilgrimage Sites: Bodh Gaya (Bodhi Tree), Sarnath, Lumbini (birthplace of Buddha). 2. Founders or Leaders Religion Founder/Leader Life Highlights Judaism Abraham Formed covenant with God; central figure in monotheism. Christianity Jesus Christ Preached love, forgiveness, and salvation; crucified and resurrected. Islam Muhammad Final prophet; received revelations from Allah, unified Arabian tribes. Hinduism N/A (No single founder) Rooted in ancient Indian traditions and Vedic scriptures. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree; (Buddha) taught the Middle Path. 3. Festivals in Each Religion Religion Festivals Judaism Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Hanukkah, Passover. Christianity Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, Good Friday. Islam Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Ramadan. Hinduism Diwali, Holi, Navaratri, Raksha Bandhan. Buddhism Vesak (Buddha Day), Magha Puja, Asalha Puja. 4. Milestones in Each Religion Religion Milestones Judaism Brit Milah (circumcision), Bar/Bat Mitzvah, marriage, death rituals. Christianity Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Last Rites.  Islam Shahadah (declaration of faith), marriage, funeral rites. Hinduism Sacred Thread Ceremony, marriage, death (cremation and Ganges). Buddhism Initiation into monkhood, meditation retreats, death rituals. 5. Significant Rituals and Practices Religion Rituals and Practices Judaism Daily prayer, Kashruth (kosher laws), Sabbath observance. Christianity Sacraments (e.g., Eucharist, Baptism), prayer, liturgy. Islam Five Pillars (Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj). Hinduism Puja, meditation, Yoga, Vedic rituals. Buddhism Meditation, chanting, offerings to Buddha. 6. Symbols Religion Symbols Judaism Star of David, Menorah. Christianity Cross, Ichthys (fish), dove. Islam Crescent moon and star, Ka’bah. Hinduism Om, lotus flower, swastika (auspiciousness). Buddhism Wheel of Dharma, lotus flower, Bodhi tree. 7. Moral Teachings Religion Moral Principles Judaism Ten Commandments, justice, charity, kindness. Christianity Teachings of love, forgiveness, and humility (e.g., Sermon on the Mount). Islam Justice, compassion, and honesty as outlined in the Qur’an and Hadith. Hinduism Dharma (moral duty), Ahimsa (non-violence), respect for all life. Buddhism The Five Precepts: no harm, no stealing, no sexual misconduct, no lying, no intoxicants. 8. Sacred Scriptures Religion Scriptures Judaism Tanakh (Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim), Talmud. Christianity Bible (Old and New Testaments). Islam Qur’an, Hadith. Hinduism Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata. Buddhism Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras.