World History 2 LESSON 9 (FINALS) 2024 PDF
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2024
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This document details the Industrial Revolution, a transformative era in human history, focusing on its impact on economies, societies, and technological advancements, starting in England and into the 19th century.
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution marks a transformative era of human history, occurring from the late 18th to the 19th century. It signaled a shift from agrarian economies to industrial and urban societies, driven by technological advancements and the mechanization of produc...
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution marks a transformative era of human history, occurring from the late 18th to the 19th century. It signaled a shift from agrarian economies to industrial and urban societies, driven by technological advancements and the mechanization of production. The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Agricultural Revolution Innovations in farming, like crop rotation, selective breeding, and new tools, increased food production, reducing famine and freeing labor for industrial work. Within these larger fields, called enclosures, landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields. Jethro Tull was one of the first of these scientific farmers. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701. The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best developments by the scientific farmers. The process improved upon older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his best sheep to breed. Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? water power and coal to fuel the new machines iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings rivers for inland transportation harbors from which merchant ships set sail INVENTIONS SPUR INDUSTRIALIZATION John Kay made a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece. Flying shuttle speedily carried threads of yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled a handle on the loom. The flying shuttle greatly increased the productivity of weavers. James Hargreaves invented a spinning wheel he named after his daughter. His spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. This machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels Samuel Crompton combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning mule. The spinning mule made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines Edmund Cartwright patented a power loom which used water power to speed up the weaving process, the predecessor to the modern power loom. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION James Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel. In 1774, Matthew Boulton was an entrepreneur, a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. He paid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines. Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built a steamboat called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York’s Hudson River. John McAdam equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage. Even in rainy weather heavy wagons could travel over the new “macadam” roads without sinking in mud. THE RAILWAY AGE BEGINS Richard Trevithick made steam- driven locomotive by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track. George Stephenson had gained a solid reputation by building some 20 engines for mine operators in northern England. CLASS TENSIONS GROW The Middle Class The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops. The lower middle class included factory overseers and such skilled workers as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers The Working Class Laborers or the working class, saw little improvement in their living and working conditions. Ned Ludd English laborer was said to have destroyed weaving machinery around 1779. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION It created jobs for workers. It contributed to the wealth of the nation. It fostered technological progress and invention. It greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living. These included healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper, mass- produced clothing. Because the Industrial Revolution created a demand for engineers as well as clerical and professional workers, it expanded educational opportunities. THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Rise of Global Inequality Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries, even while it strengthened their economic ties. To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands. Imperialism the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, gave even more power and wealth to these already wealthy nations. Transformation of Society Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the United States. Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic power. In contrast, the economies of Asia and Africa were still based on agriculture and small workshops. Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society, from daily life to life expectancy. THE PHILOSOPHERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION The term laissez faire refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. The term is French for “let do,” and by extension, “let people do as they please.” According to Adam Smith, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. As a result, government should not interfere. Smith’s arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics The law of self-interest —People work for their own good. The law of competition —Competition forces people to make a better product. The law of supply and demand —Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy. The Economists of Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. An Essay on the Principle of Population written in 1798 Thomas Malthus argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to kill off the extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable. David Ricardo a wealthy stockbroker, took Malthus’s theory one step further in his book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). Ricardo believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor. In a market system, if there are many workers and abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap Jeremy Bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism. According to Bentham’s theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. John Stuart Mill a philosopher and economist, led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s. Mill came to question unregulated capitalism. He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation. Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon sought to offset the ill effects of industrialization with a new economic system called socialism. Socialism the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism. The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes. In their own time, these were the middle class “haves” or employers, called the bourgeoisie, and the “have-nots” or workers, called the proletariat. CAPITALISM VS. SOCIALISM Individuals and businesses own The community or the state should own property and the means of property and the means of production. production. Progress results when a community of Progress results when individuals producers cooperate for the good of all. follow their own self-interest. Capitalism creates unequal distribution Consumers compete to buy the of wealth and material goods. A better best goods at the lowest prices. system is to distribute goods according This competition shapes the to each person’s need. market by affecting what An unequal distribution of wealth and businesses are able to sell. material goods is unfair. A better system Government should not interfere in is to distribute goods according to each the economy because competition person’s need. creates efficiency in business. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Industrialization created wealth, boosted Long hours, low wages, and unsafe productivity, and expanded markets. conditions plagued early industrial labor. Innovations improved manufacturing, Factories employed children under harsh transportation, and communication. conditions. Factories provided employment, drawing Overcrowded cities faced poor sanitation, people to cities. housing shortages, and public health crises. Over time industrialization led to cheaper Industrial activities caused deforestation, goods and higher wages for many. pollution, and resource depletion. Transportation and communication The wealth generated often remained innovations linked distant regions. concentrated among factory owners and capitalists. INVENTIONS MAKE LIFE EASIER Thomas Edison patented more than 1,000 inventions, including the light bulb and the phonograph. Alexander Graham Bell was a teacher of deaf students who invented the telephone in his spare time. He displayed his device at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. Guglielmo Marconi used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in 1895. This device was important because it sent messages (using Morse Code) through the air, without the use of wires Henry Ford decided to make cars that were affordable for most people. Ford used standardized, interchangeable parts. Wilbur and Orville Wright solved the age-old riddle of flight. On December 17, 1903, they flew a gasoline-powered flying machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The longest flight lasted only 59 seconds, but it started the aircraft industry. Louis Pasteur discovered that it was caused by microscopic organisms he called bacteria. He also learned that heat killed bacteria. This led him to develop the process of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids such as milk. Soon, it became clear to Pasteur and others that bacteria also caused diseases. Charles Darwin published his thinking in a book titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. According to the idea of natural selection, populations tend to grow faster than the food supply and so must compete for food. The members of a species that survive are those that are fittest, or best adapted to their environment. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov believed that human actions were often unconscious reactions to experiences and could be changed by training Sigmund Freud also believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. In Freud’s view, unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses shape behavior. He founded a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to deal with psychological conflicts created by these forces REFERENCES https:// www.lew-port.com/cms/lib/NY19000328/Centricity/D omain/135/Chapter%2025-26%20Book.pdf https:// www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution/The-f irst-Industrial-Revolution ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: