Industrial Revolution Notes Year 9 PDF

Course 1. How the industrial revolution changed the world 2. European settlement of Australia 3. Impact of the settlement of Port Phillip on Aboriginal people 4. World War I Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was in the late 1...

Course 1. How the industrial revolution changed the world 2. European settlement of Australia 3. Impact of the settlement of Port Phillip on Aboriginal people 4. World War I Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was in the late 18th century to the early 19th century (around 1750 to around 1900) A revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government. There was no single event that marked the beginning of the IR Steam and coal-powered machinery replaced manual labour. They made agriculture and industry more efficient Handmade production to machine-made production, new iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, development of machine tools, and increased usage of steam power. Digital revolution brought mass production of digital logic circuits like the digital cell phone, fax machine and the computer. In 1990, the total number of mobile phones was only 12.4 million - 0.25% of the world’s population at that time. In 2002, 1.17 billion people had cell phones - 19% of the world’s population. In 2010 the number of cellphone users had gone up to 4 billion - 67% of the world’s population. Revolutions have massive effects on the economy - MONEY! The Industrial Revolution made the “middle class” the industrialists “For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour has happened before." - Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas Jr The internet allowed for better interaction between both customers and other companies. There is more and more evidence now showing that there is a significant increase in the productivity, efficiency and performance of companies following the Tech Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution 80% of people lived in the countryside. Afterwards, 80% lived in the city because they moved because there were jobs there. Urbanisation Technology revolution, Agricultural revolution, Commercial revolution, Financial revolution. 1801 1841 Manchester 35,000 353,000 ISM’s are the most influence ideas of the period During the time of IR 7 key ideas or philosophies emerged They have shaped and continued to shape the modern world Isms are; A distinctive practice, system, or philosophy, typically a political ideology or artistic movement 9.2: The Industrial Revolution in Britain Before 1750, Britain was an agricultural society, with 80% of its population living and working on small farms in rural areas. Despite the small scale of most farms, agriculture was still the main economic activity in Britain. During this period, small, self-contained towns and villages had poor road systems, limiting travel to foot or horse. Britain’s road system had not improved since the Roman Empire's fall.  The Industrial Revolution in Britain began with industries related to iron, coal, cotton, and wool production, with no single event marking its beginning. The 7 isms Definitions Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a nation Imperialism A system in which a rich and powerful country controls other countries, or a desire for control over other countries Capitalism An economic and political system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Egalitarianism A philosophy based on equality, namely that all people are equal and deserve equal treatment in all things. Chartism Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform Socialism Socialism is an economic system in which major industries are owned by the workers, rather than by private businesses. Darwinism The theory of the evolution of species 9.3: Beginnings in Britain 1. Identify the main reasons why Britain was ready for an Industrial Revolution Britain's coal supply was much more than the other European powers. Their naval power and trading power was huge. Their individual freedom and the capitalist spirit, their stable government and their superior banking system and capital for investment. 2. Name the largest British merchant trading company The company was called the East India Company. 3. List three colonies under British rule and the raw materials they provided to fuel the growth of industries in Britain Sugar from Australia and the West Indies, wool from Australia and New Zealand, cotton and tea from India, rubber from Malaya, gold from Australia and South Africa, coffee from Jamaica and Africa, wheat from Australia and Canada, and timber from the vast pine forests of Canada. 4. An old saying during this time was ‘The sun never sets on the British Empire’. Explain this quote using examples of British colonies. 9.4: Developments in Agriculture The Agricultural Revolution, a series of changes in farming in Britain from the mid-1600s, was driven by the need for more food to meet the growing population. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain led to a 30% increase in farmland over 100 years, transforming agriculture into a business and transforming it from grazing pastures to efficient fields. The Enclosures During the Agricultural Revolution, the British Parliament passed over 4000 Enclosure Acts, transferring common land to private landowners, leading to the encroachment of tenant farmers. The process led to social unrest as many poor people were forced to leave their land, forming the industrial working classes and seeking new lives abroad. Crop Rotations Charles Townshend introduced the 'four-field system' in 1730, a method of crop rotation that keeps soil high in nutrients and leaves no field fallow, allowing for human harvesting. Improved farm machinery and methods In the 1800s, farming machinery improved efficiency and profit, with fertilisers widely used. Agriculturalist Robert Bakewell developed the New Leicester sheep and cattle, resulting in stronger, larger, and better-quality animals. 1. Describe how local farmers were affected by ‘enclosures’. They could no longer graze their animals or the farmland. It led to social unrest, many poor people were forced to leave their land. 2. Describe why Charles Townshend’s innovation was important. It was important because no field was left fallow and the soil in each field was kept high in minerals and nutrients (like nitrogen). 3. Explain how new machinery, like that shown in Source 6, and developments in agriculture contributed to the Industrial Revolution. New machinery enhanced productivity, reduced labour demands, and fostered urbanisation and economic specialisation. 9.6: Developments in Transport The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's transport system, enabling wealthy merchants and industrialists to demand faster, cheaper methods for coal transportation, product shipping, and city travel. New inventions Steam Locomotives - Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1801, driven on tramway rails. George Stephenson invented Stephenson's Rocket in 1829, leading to more sophisticated designs and faster speeds. Steamships - Robert Fulton developed the first commercial steamship in 1807, which underwent numerous improvements over 100 years, replacing sailing ships as the preferred ocean-going transport method. The cargo space was reduced because there was a large amount of coal using up the space but they were faster and more reliable so they were still better to use. Internal Combustion Engine - The steam engine, used in factories, trains, and ships, was too large for smaller businesses. In 1859, Belgian engineer Etienne Lenoir developed an internal combustion engine, which became the basis for modern cars and engines. German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach experimented with gasoline, leading to the development of the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. When the ICE became more powerful and reliable cars became more and more common. The cars were very expensive for the common people. In 1908 Henry Ford then made an affordable car named the Ford Model T. Other transport improvements and innovations As new modes of transport became available, demand for new and improved roads, bridges, canals and railway lines grew rapidly. Improved roads and bridges - John Wilkinson, Matthew Boulton, Josiah Wedgwood and Abraham Darby contributed to the growth of turnpike trusts in the early 1800s, resulting in improved roads and reduced travel times. Abraham Darby's Iron Bridge, built in 1779, became a landmark. Railways - The world's first railway line was built in 1825 between Darlington and Stockton, combining steam engines and rail-mounted mining trucks. This added a new phase to the Industrial Revolution, doubling iron production. Britain developed rapidly, with 438 new lines granted between 1844 and 1846. Over 40 million train journeys were made by 1848. Travel time dropped to around 12.5 hours by 1850.  Canals - From 1760 to 1820, over 100 canals were built across Britain, connecting major rivers and creating a transport network for food and freight. The canals reduced coal prices, boosting cotton mill growth and profits. 9.11: Working Conditions The Industrial Revolution improved living standards in Britain, benefiting industrialists and the middle class, but also forcing many to abandon traditional rural lifestyles for industrial cities. Britain’s ‘dark satanic mills’ During the Industrial Revolution, working conditions varied across industries and individuals. In 1801, 40% of Britain's workforce worked in manufacturing, rising to 60% by 1871. However, factories faced harsh conditions, low wages, and long working hours. Owners often cut corners for profit, using cheaper labour, such as women and children. This led to long working days and limited education opportunities for children. The phrase 'dark satanic mills' was first used by the English poet William Blake in 1808. It was used to describe these miserable conditions, with writers appalled by the plight of poor workers. 1. Identify what proportion of the people in Britain were working in manufacturing in 1908 compared to 1871 In 1801, 40% of Britain was working in manufacturing and in 1871 it rose to 60%. It increased by 20% 2. Describe the working conditions for the working class during the Industrial Revolutions The working conditions were very harsh because there were low wages causing them to work for long hours. Owners also cut corners for profit and they used cheaper labour like women and children. Children were useful for the cleaning part because they were small and got into small spaces, also sometimes causing them to get injured or even die. 3. Summarise Friedrich Engels’ findings in Source 2 about the condition of child working in England A mass of children could not attend school because they were working in mills or at home the whole week. The even schools were almost abandoned or attended without benefit. Sunday schools were introduced but the period between the Sunday weeks was too long for the children to remember what they learnt. 4. Using Source 2 as well as your knowledge from this unit, compare the life of a child living in the 1800s working in a factory to a child living in Australia today In the 1800s children had to work in factories and had a risk of getting seriously injured or die, they had to work for themselves and earn money themselves. Also making it seriously hard was the low wages that they got meaning they had to work a lot more. Children now have their parents to help them and give them money if they need it. Children now also can attend school and learn and remember things unlike the 1800s. They also do not have to do such highly risking jobs. 5. Using a TEEL paragraph, identify the conditions workers (men, women and children) endured during the 1800s that would be unacceptable in modern times Workers in the 1800s endured harsh and dangerous conditions that would be deemed unacceptable in modern times. During the 1800s, the Industrial Revolution transformed the workplace, leading to exhausting conditions for men, women, and children. Factory workers often faced long hours, with minimal breaks. Safety regulations were virtually non-existent, resulting in frequent accidents and injuries. For instance, children as young as five were employed in factories and mines, performing hazardous tasks for limited wages. Women worked alongside men in similarly dangerous conditions but were paid significantly less. The lack of ventilation, poor lighting, and exposure to toxic substances further exacerbated the workers' plight, leading to chronic health issues. These intolerable conditions highlight the stark contrast between the labour standards of the 1800s and those enforced today, where regulations ensure safer working environments, reasonable hours, and fair wages for all employees. 9.12: Living Conditions The Industrial Revolution significantly impacted Britain's urbanisation, increasing the urban population from 15% to 80% by 1850 and boosting the proportion of manufacturing workers from 40% to 66%. Conditions for the poor and rich There were huge differences between the living conditions of the poor and rich and it existed long before the start of IR. Before 1750, Britain's strict class system dictated how people lived and how they worked. The middle class was introduced from rapid changes in technology and society. Because of this change, the IR was responsible for widening the gap between the rich industrialists and the poor workers even further. The social hierarchy in Britain prior to the Industrial Revolution was dominated by the aristocracy, who held privileged lands and political influence. These people included those of royal blood - dukes, earls, lords and barons. The middle classes, including factory owners and doctors, lived in slums with poor sanitation, accidents, and poor living conditions, leading to widespread crime. As urban areas grew, new technologies were applied in building, even in workers’ housing. Planned, drained and uncluttered new urban settlements replaced slums. Public transport allowed workers to live further away from their workplaces. Cities began to develop suburbs. In 1863, the first part of London’s underground railway network opened, linking suburban trains to the city centre. By the 1870s, the ability to create skyscrapers allowed for even denser retail and office areas in city centres, where land was more expensive. Better street lighting helped transform the atmosphere of the cities at night, encouraging leisure activities later in the day and after dark, as people felt safer. 1. In your own words, define ‘urbanisation’. Urbanisation means the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities 2. Recall why people moved from rural areas to the towns and cities during the Industrial Revolution So they could get a job and earn money. Also because there was an increase in unemployment for farm labour. 3. Explain why a family life was ‘almost impossible’, using Source 5 It was almost impossible because of the ‘comfortless, filthy house’ and not a lot of shelter, ill-furnished neither rain-tight nor warm. A foul atmosphere filling rooms overcrowded with human beings.