Week 1 - Definition of Health - Part 1 PDF

CHAPTER 1 The Definition of Health – Part 1 Zak Callaway PhD, MPHTM Science Division, MUIC Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com. Learning Objectives (1 of 2)  Describe the medical and wellness models of he...

CHAPTER 1 The Definition of Health – Part 1 Zak Callaway PhD, MPHTM Science Division, MUIC Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com. Learning Objectives (1 of 2)  Describe the medical and wellness models of health. Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  List the key points of the World Health Organization’s definition of health.  List and describe the six dimensions of wellness.  List the three health behaviors responsible for most of the actual causes of death.  Define lifestyle disease.  Identify the goals of Healthy People 2030. Learning Objectives (2 of 2)  List and describe the major health issues of college Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com students.  Describe the Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model, and Theory of Reasoned Action. Health – from Old English hal “well” or “whole”  Well-being  State of physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Foster health and well-being by:  Undertaking healthy behavior and practices (e.g., nutritious food, daily movement)  Refraining from health-harming behaviors (e.g., unhealthy foods, cigarettes, drugs, limiting health risks like drinking and driving)  WHO defines health as:  State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being  Not merely absence of disease and infirmity (physical or mental weakness) The Medical Model of Health (1 of 2)  Absence of one or more of five D’s: Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Death  Disease  Discomfort  Disability  Dissatisfaction  Relies almost exclusively on biological explanations of disease and illness The Medical Model of Health (2 of 2)  Interpreted in terms of malfunctioning organs, cells, Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com and other biological systems (e.g., liver or heart disease, osteoporosis)  Absence of health determined by presence of observable or measurable symptoms  Restoration of health determined by successful alleviation of symptoms Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  The Wellness Model of Health (1 of 2)  Emphasizes self-healing, promotion of health, and prevention of Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com illness  Physical wellness  Maintaining healthy body and mind: eating nutritious food, moving daily, responsible health practices, seeking competent medical care when ill  Emotional wellness  Understanding, managing, and mindfully expressing emotions and coping healthfully with life’s problems and stress  Involves taking responsibility for your behavior, cultivating wisdom, and maintaining a sense of humor  The Wellness Model of Health (2 of 2)  Intellectual wellness Fig 1.1  Having a mind open to new ideas and concepts Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Accessing and critically evaluating veracity of health information   Much of mass media content (social media, Internet, TV) refers to health issues  Motive of MM is profit so may skew health research to capture interest and sell products and services, rather than enlighten and educate  Assessing Health and Medical Information (1 of 2)  Social wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Striving for healthy and harmonious interactions with others (e.g., family, friends, partners, classmates, neighbors)  Effectively communicating thoughts and ideas to others  Receiving with acceptance and tolerance thoughts, ideas, and emotional expressions  Managing time and activities effectively Assessing Health and Medical Information (2 of 2)  Spiritual wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  State of harmony within self, other people, and deity or Nature  Most often involves sense of identifying with a beneficent (generous or doing good) group, philosophy, or religious practice  Also includes positive and helpful personal values and beliefs, seeking meaning and purpose in life, practicing compassion, and appreciating natural forces Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Spirituality and Health (1 of 2)  Occupational wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Finding satisfaction, creativity, and sense of accomplishment in what you do  Contributing to a healthy society and world  Environmental wellness  Living in environment characterized by clean air, water, and land that also supports basic human needs and is free of interpersonal violence and threat of climate change Spirituality and Health (2 of 2)  Financial wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Attaining and maintaining resources to meet physical, psychological, and social needs  Includes planning for the future  Lifelong process through which develop you and encourage every aspect of body, mind, and spirit to interrelate harmoniously as much as possible Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Determinants of Health and Wellness  Personal, social, economic, and environmental factors Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com that affect individual, community, and world health  Main determinants:  Personal biology  Economic and social status  Environmental attainment  Environmental quality  Individual behaviors Personal Biology  Manifestation of genetic endowment and life Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com experiences that affect body throughout life course  Malfunctioning genes can cause serious, life-altering inherited disease (e.g., sickle cell disease, breast cancer)  Long-lasting or permanent change to personal biology can result from infections, accidents, or violence  Can lead to impaired mobility, mental processes, hearing, and vision  Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Personal Biology  Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)  12% of American have had ACEs  E.g: Divorce, abandonment, rejection, parental substance abuse Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  4 or more associated with proportional increased risk for mental & physical ill health throughout life & early death (US CDC 2019)  Coping with mental health consequences from ACEs like anxiety and depression can lead to unhealthy lifestyle behaviors…  Overeating, consuming unhealthy foods, substance abuse, poor sleep, lack of physical activity  Recovery possible with personal intention to heal, therapist- guided mental and physical exercises, and support of caring others Economic and Social Status  Economic determinants Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Resources to meet life’s needs  E.g:  Healthy food, adequate education, and good-paying job  Living in clean and safe surroundings  Access to quality medical care  Social determinants  Social support and community cohesion  Both greatly affected by discrimination (race, sex, gender, social status)  Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Economic and Social Status  Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Economic and Social Status  Environmental Attainment  Has major effect on health and wellness Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  E.g: educational attainment  Highly related to income and employment  Facilitates access to basics of health and wellness: nutritious food, living in a healthy and safe env’t  Can facilitate accessing and utilizing health and medical information  Environmental Quality  Natural environmental determinants of health:  Quality of air, water, and land Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Risks of harsh weather and climate change  Built environment (human made) includes:  Buildings, homes, and neighborhoods  Transportation options  Recreational settings  Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards  E.g., city dwellers are exposed to unhealthy levels of ozone (O3) and other pollutants that increase risk of asthma and other respiratory conditions  Individual Behaviors (1 of 2)  Residents of low-income countries Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Lack vaccination, modern sanitation, and effective forms of infection and infestation control  Face increased risk for:  Viruses (COVID-19)  Bacteria (Tuberculosis/TB)  Parasites (Malaria)  Worms (Lymphatic filariasis)  These diseases account for 50% of annual deaths worldwide, mostly in economically challenged regions  Individual Behaviors (2 of 2)  Lifestyle diseases  Common among residents of high- and moderate-income Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com countries  Result from personal behaviors such as cigarette smoking, poor dietary choices, and sedentary lifestyle  E.g., cancer, lung disease, and type 2 diabetes (see next slide  Heart disease results from poor diet, cigarette smoking, lack of exercise, high stress levels, and high BP  Often chronic (persist for life)  Community, state, national, and international efforts needed to help individuals make healthy lifestyle choices  Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Individual Behaviors (2 of 2)  Copyright © 2023 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Individual Behaviors (2 of 2)