Health and Wellness (Health and Illness) PDF

Health and Wellness (health and Illness)  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dr. Manal Mohamed Mostafa Prof. of Medical Surgical Nursing Cairo University  Intended learning Outcomes ◼ Differentiate health, wellness, and well-being. ◼ Describe five dimension...

Health and Wellness (health and Illness)  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dr. Manal Mohamed Mostafa Prof. of Medical Surgical Nursing Cairo University  Intended learning Outcomes ◼ Differentiate health, wellness, and well-being. ◼ Describe five dimensions of wellness. ◼ Compare various models of health. ◼ Identify factors affecting health status, beliefs, and practices. ◼ Differentiate illness from disease and acute illness from chronic illness. ◼ Identify Parsons' four aspects of the sick role. ◼ Explain stages of illness. ◼ Describe effects of illness on individuals' and family members' roles and functions.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Definitions of health: ◼ A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity( ” ‫ضعف‬, ‫وهن‬WHO, )1947 ◼ Health: is defined as maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit (ANA) ◼ Health is a dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential (possible) of an individual is realized to the fullest possible extent (ANA)  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Definition of disease and illness: ◼ Disease: pathological change in structure &/or function. ◼ Illness: response of person to disease  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Most people define and describe health as the following: ▪ Being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible. ▪ Being able to be active and to do what they want or must to do. ▪ Being in good spirits most of the time.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) The Human Dimensions of Health: ◼ Physical dimension: genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender. ◼ Emotional dimension: how the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions. ◼ Intellectual dimension: cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences ◼ Environmental dimension: housing, sanitation, climate, pollution of air, food, and water  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Definition of wellness: ◼ Wellness: an active state, oriented toward maximizing the potential of the individual ◼ Wellness is a dynamic process that is ever changing. The well person usually has some degree of illness and the ill person usually has some degree of wellness. Dimensions of Wellness Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dimensions of Wellness: Physical dimensions: ◼ The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g. pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally to practice positive lifestyle habits.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dimensions of Wellness: Social dimensions: : ◼ The ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment. Emotional dimensions: ◼ The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately, Emotional wellness involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dimensions of Wellness: Intellectual dimensions: ◼ The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development Spiritual dimensions: ◼ The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite (‫ )توحد‬human beings and provide meaning and purpose of life  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Dimensions of Wellness: Occupational dimensions: ◼ The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure(‫ )فراغ‬time, A person's beliefs about education, employment, and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others. Environmental dimensions: ◼ The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness ◼ Health-illness continuum ◼ Health belief model ◼ Health promotion model ◼ Holistic health model ◼ Basic human needs model  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Wellness & Well-Being: ◼ Wellness further describes health status. It allows health to be placed on a continuum from one’s optimal level (“wellness”) to a maladaptive state (“illness”)  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Wellness & Well-Being: This concept of a health continuum negates the idea that w ellness and Illness a re-opposite because they may occur simultaneously in the same person in varying degres  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Health-Illness Continuum: ◼ Measure person’s perceived level of wellness ◼ Health and illness/disease opposite ends of health continuum ◼ Move back and forth (forward) within this continuum day by day ◼ Wide ranges of health or illness  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Health Belief Model : ◼ Health beliefs are a person’s ideas, convictions (‫اقتناع‬,‫ ايمان‬, ‫)استعداد‬ and attitudes about health. ◼ It Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors based on individual perceptions of illness, factors such as susceptibility to an illness, education, lived experience, culture, and the likelihood that a person will take action to prevent disease.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Health Belief Model : ◼ Examples: Ritual(‫ )طقوس‬washing before prayer (which occurs five times a day). Avoidance of alcohol use , fasting in Ramadan, circumcision.  Variables Influencing health Beliefs & Practices INTERNAL: EXTERNAL ◼ Developmental stage ◼ Family practices ◼ Intellectual background ◼ Socioeconomic influence ◼ Concept of functioning ◼ Cultural background ◼ Emotional factors ◼ Accessibility to care ◼ Spiritual factors  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Health promotion: Is a process undertaken to increase the levels of wellness in individuals, families, and communities. It involves activities and programs provided by nurses and other health care providers to foster lifestyle behaviors conducive to optimum health status As:- ◼ Smoking cessation, ◼ Nutrition, ◼ Exercise  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Models of Health and Illness's: Health Promotion Model: defines health according to WHO (1947) definition. Focuses on individual perceptions, modifying factors such as socio-economic level, and likelihood of participation in health promotion type behaviors.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Promoting Health, Preventing Illness: ◼ Risk Factors: ◼ Age ◼ Genetics ◼ Physiologic ◼ Health habits ◼ Lifestyle ◼ Environment  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Health Promotion Methods: ◼ Exercise regularly ◼ Put it in perspective (‫)ضعها في نصابها‬ ◼ Get in touch with yourself ◼ Relaxation ◼ Time Management ◼ Communication ◼ Prayer & Meditation  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Levels of illness Prevention : ◼ Primary Prevention: Precedes disease; aimed at health promotion, decrease the person’s vulnerability to disease. include parenting education, attention to personal hygiene, and avoidance of toxins, immunizations; fitness activities; nutrition. ◼ Secondary Prevention: Directed at early diagnosis and intervention through screen.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Levels of illness Preventive (cont.) : ◼ Tertiary Prevention: Goal is minimizing effects of disease or disability and helping clients reach and maintain their optimal level of functioning.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Acute Illness: Generally rapid onset of symptoms last only relatively short time. Severe symptoms appear abruptly, intense, subside quickly. Result in: ◼ A state of recovery comparable to the previous wellness level, ◼ Death, ◼ Develop into a chronic disease process.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Chronic Illness: Physical and mental alterations in health WITH one or more of the following: ◼ Permanent change. ◼ Relatively long term (more than 3 months) ◼ Requires specialized for rehabilitation. ◼ Requires long period of care or support ◼ - Less severe symptoms, ◼ -Slow onset with periods of remission (disease with no symptoms) & exacerbation (acute phase of the chronic disease). ◼ - Result in: ◼ 1. A state of optimizing patient’s levels of functioning. ◼ 2. A state of optimizing patient’s ability to live with the illness.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 1: symptoms experiencing Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role Stage 3: Medical Care Contact. Stage 4: Dependent Client Role Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitation.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 1: symptoms experiencing ◼ A client is aware that “something is wrong”, recognizing a physical sensation or a limitation in functioning but does not suspect a specific diagnosis. ◼ Illness begin with a vague, no specific symptoms that person initially attempt to deny. ◼ If the symptoms seem severe or life threatening, the client may seek care or deny the symptoms exist. The client must first acknowledge the presence of a health problem before moving to the next stage.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role ◼ If symptoms persist and become severe, clients assume the sick role. The clients seek confirmation from their families and social groups that they are ill and should be excused from normal duties and role expectations. ◼ The assumption of the sick role results in emotional changes. They may be simple or complex, depending g on the severity of the illness, degree of disability, and anticipated length of the illness. ◼ After accepting → the client seeks contact with the health care systems.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 3: Medical Care Contact ◼ If symptoms persist and become severe, or require emergency care, the client is motivated to seek professional health services. In this stage, the client seeks expert acknowledgement of the illness, its treatment, an explanation of the symptoms, the cause, the course, and the implications of the illness for future health. ◼ If the clients accept the diagnosis → they follow the physical treatment plan. If the clients deny the diagnosis → they consult several health care provides until they find one who makes the desired diagnosis or until they accept the initial diagnosis.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 4: Dependent Client Role ◼ The client depends on health care professionals to relieve symptoms. The client accepts care, sympathy, and protection from the demands and stresses of life. The client must adjust to a disrupted daily schedule, which affects the client’s social roles.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Stages of Illness Behavior: Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitations ◼ It starts by the recovery of physical illness and followed by the return to normal physical, psychological and social functioning. If recovery is not prompt(‫)سريع‬, long-time care may be required before the client is able to resume an optimal level of functioning. With chronic illness → the final stage may involve adjusting to a prolonged reduction in health and functioning. If the client has a chronic or terminal illness, the nurse should assist and support the client and family or significant others to adjust to the expectations of recovery or normal functioning.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) Impact of Illness On the Client On the Family ▪Behavioral and emotional Depends on: changes ▪Loss of autonomy ▪Member of the family who is ill ▪Self-concept and body image ▪Seriousness and length of the changes illness ▪Lifestyle changes ▪Cultural and social customs the fa mily follows  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ▪ Impact of Illness: Family Changes: ▪ Role changes ▪ Task reassignments ▪ Increased demands on time ▪ Anxiety about outcomes ▪ Conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities ▪ Financial problems ▪ Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss ▪ Change in social customs  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ approach to health:  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Leading causes of death : ◼ 1st: Heart disease ◼ 2nd: Cancer ◼ 3rd: Stroke ◼ 4th: Respiratory disease ◼ 5th: Accidents ◼ 6th: Diabetes  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Health Risks : ◼ Heart disease, Hypertension, Stroke  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Health Risks : ◼ Asthma/COPD  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Health Risks : ◼ Cancer: Breast; Prostate; Lung; Colon; etc.  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Health Risks : ◼ Obesity Diabetes  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Health Risks : ◼ Violence: homicide, battering, auto accidents  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Holistic model: ◼ In the holistic model, “health is seen as the achievement of a full and happy life characterized by social and spiritual connection, mental and emotional balance, and a healthy body” ◼ attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health. Clients assume some responsibility for health maintenance by being involved in their own health care. Recently there has been a surge in people utilizing complementary and alternative therapies to meet their own health needs. Nurses have been involved  Health and Wellness (health and Illness) ◼ Holistic model (cont.): Due to the interwoven nature of the body and mind, it is impossible to separate physiological needs from psychosocial ones. Psycho-neuro-immunology (the study of the complex relationship between the cognitive, affective, and physical aspects of individuals)is based on recognition of the concept that mind, body, and spirit are one.