Health Promotion Lecture One PDF

Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash What is health Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity Health is considered to be part of the metaparadigm for nursing, wh...

Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash What is health Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity Health is considered to be part of the metaparadigm for nursing, which includes the four components of person, health, environment, and nursing. Wellness Health plus the capacity to develop one’s potential, leading to a fulfilling and productive life Illness State in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. It is a condition characterized by a deviation from a normal, healthy state. Models of Health There are distinct models of health: 1. Clinical Model In the clinical model, health is defined by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease and illness is defined by the presence of signs and symptoms of disease. People who use this model may not seek preventive health services or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care. The clinical model is the conventional model of the discipline of medicine. 2. Role Performance Model The role performance model of health defines health in terms of individuals' ability to perform social roles. Role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations. Illness would be the failure to perform roles at the level of others in society. This model is the basis for occupational health evaluations, school physical examinations, and physician-excused absences. The idea of the “sick role,” which excuses people from performing their social functions, is a vital component of the role performance model. 1 Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash 3. Adaptive Model In the adaptive model of health, people's ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological change is the measure of their health. Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes. 4. Eudaimonistic Model In the eudaimonistic model, exuberant well-being indicates optimal health. This model emphasizes the interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. Illness is reflected by a denervation or languishing, a lack of involvement with life. In this eudaimonistic model, a person dying of cancer may still be healthy if that person is finding meaning in life at this stage of development. These models of health provide a basis for 1. how people view health and disease and 2. how they view the roles of nurses, physicians, and other health care providers. 3. For example, in the clinical model of health, a person may expect to see a health care provider only when there are obvious signs of illness. Personal responsibility for health may not be a motivating factor for this individual because the provider is responsible for dealing with the health problem and returning the person to health. Therefore, attempts to teach health promoting activities may not be effective with this person. 4. On the other hand, those who adopt a eudaimonistic model of health may find that practitioners working under a clinical model do not address their more comprehensive health needs. They may instead seek out a practitioner of alternative medicine or the counsel of a priest, rabbi, or minister to complement the services of the more traditional health provider. Wellness-Illness Continuum The wellness-illness continuum, is a dichotomous depiction of the relationship between the concepts of health and illness. In this paradigm, wellness is a positive state in which incremental increases in health can be made beyond the midpoint (Figure 1). These increases involve improved physical and mental health states. The opposite end of the continuum is illness, with the possibility of incremental decreases in health beyond the midpoint. This depiction of the 2 Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash relationship of wellness and illness fits well with the conceptual and clinical model of health. FIGURE 1 Wellness-illness continuum. Moving from the center to the right demonstrates movement toward wellness. Moving from the center to the left demonstrates movement toward illness. Dimensions of wellness 1. Physical dimension The ability to carry out daily tasks achieve fitness by maintaining adequate nutrition, avoid using drugs and alcohol or using tobacco. 2. Emotional dimension The ability to manage stress and express emotions appropriately. The ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one's limitation. 3. Social dimension The ability to interact successfully with people as a whole and within the environment of each person as part. 4. Intellectual dimension The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. 5. Spiritual dimension Person's own morals, values and ethics. 3 Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash Measurement of Health Leading Health Indicators include: 1. Physical Activity. 2. Overweight and Obesity. 3. Tobacco Use. 4. Substance Abuse. 5. Responsible Sexual Behavior. 6. Injury, Violence and Safety. 7. Immunization. 8. Access to Health Care. Preventive Approach to Health Primary prevention relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. o Primary prevention consists of two elements: general health promotion and specific protection. o Health promotion efforts enhance resiliency and protective factors and target essentially well populations. Examples include promotion of good nutrition, provision of adequate shelter, and encouraging regular exercise. o Specific protection efforts reduce or eliminate risk factors and include such measures as immunization, seat belt use, and water purification. Secondary prevention refers to early detection and prompt intervention during the period of early disease pathogenesis. o Secondary prevention is implemented after a problem has begun, but before signs and symptoms appear, and targets those populations that have risk factors. Mammography, blood pressure screening, scoliosis screening, and Papanicolaou tests are examples of secondary prevention. 4 Health Promotion Lecture One Dr. Mohmmed Q, Baktash Tertiary prevention targets populations that have experienced disease or injury and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. o Aims of tertiary prevention are to keep health problems from getting worse, to reduce the effects of disease and injury, and to restore individuals to their optimal level of functioning. Examples include teaching how to perform insulin injections and disease management to a patient with diabetes, referral of a patient with spinal cord injury for occupational and physical therapy, and leading a support group for grieving parents. Figure 1: Level of Prevention 5