Evolution of Development Planning in Malaysia PDF

At the end of this class, student should be able to: 1 Understand the historical issues of urban and regional planning in Malaysia 2 Recognise the differences of planning needs before...

At the end of this class, student should be able to: 1 Understand the historical issues of urban and regional planning in Malaysia 2 Recognise the differences of planning needs before and after independence BEFORE INDEPENDENCE AFTER INDEPENDENCE British colonialism has helped to Subsequent development by the provide the basic internal Malaysian government has structure of cities and the overall brought a wider transformation to urban system the urban and regional system as a whole What are the main issues related to town planning during colonial period? The rapid growth of the Malayan towns had produced the usual difficulties in 1 The main reasons for urging the introduction of town planning in Malaysia was to prevent the urban areas from deteriorating to conditions as was seen in England during the Industrial revolution. Town planning was seen as an 2 instrument to reduce or prevent the occurrences of social problems Town Planning Enactment for 3 Federated Malays States (FMS) were voiced out Town Planning legislation should 4 be enacted “so that the town is laid out as it should be, and that certain areas are ear-marked for shop houses, and so on...” (FMS Legislative Proceedings, 1912) 1 Charles Compton Reade as the town planning advisor to the Government of FMS in 1921 – later as Government Town Planner Prepared town planning Town Planning Enactment schemes - on applying the of 1923 concept of Ebenezer Town Planning Enactment Howard 1927 Sanitary Board Enactment 1929 Town Board Enactment 1930 – Cap 137 Town Planning  Town Planning Town Planning Town Board Enactment Enactment of 1923 Enactment 1927 1930 – Cap 137 Town Planning Preparation of General Town Provisions in General Town Post of Town Planner for Plan: Plan: Federated Malay states – Selangor, Perak, Negri Sembilan, The improvement or extensions Main or major roads, railways and Pahang of communication and facilities other main communication; Create post of Commissioner of for traffic; Zones or districts set apart for Town Planning (advisor) to Non- The improvement or extension of use for residential, commercial, Federated Malay States. any layout of land or the industrial, agricultural or other specified uses (referred as General Town Plan was retained provisions of a layout for underdeveloped districts; zoning); Up-date Town Planning Scheme Regulations of buildings and Reserves for Government Prepare layout detail for scheme development; purposes; identified in General Town Plan The improvement and extension Parks, recreation grounds and Established town planner post at of housing accommodation; similar open spaces. Local Authority level Securing of public safety, sanitary Continue with ‘public interest conditions, health conveniences ideology’ and amenity. 1 Historically, colonial legacy for the period of 172 years was Dualism Economic is resulted in dualism economics in formed based on Peninsular Malaysia From the early years of British 2 rule the method of production in the country was organised into two distinct and parallel type (Faaland et.al.,1990) This dualism economic was 3 Geographical Economic occurred based on economic activity as well as ethnic and Linkages Activity Ethnicity geographic linkages  LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION SMALL SCALE TRADITIONAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY METHOD OF PRODUCTION USING MODERN TECHNOLOGY Concentrated in the west coast of Located at the eastern and north of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia The modern sector production and Paddy farming, coconut farming, coffee organisation was organised based on farming and inshore fishing the Western system This sector was integrated into the Malays was majority modern world economy and trading system and developed accordingly over time Most of the produce was locally Most of the product was exported to consumed and not intended for sale in the international markets main point the international markets which also at the west-coast side  Dualism Economic 1 The economic dualism heritage from the colonial legacy was continued after Malaya was independence in 1957 In some condition, the dualism 2 economy phenomena become worst Geographical Economic 3 This dualism phenomenon can be divided into three categories Linkages Activity Ethnicity Urban | Rural Modern | Traditional Non-Malay | Malay Traditional Rural Sector Modern Rural Sector Traditional Urban Sector Modern Urban Sector Government Sector Uneconomic Estate agriculture Small artisans, Advanced Federal, State and smallholder rubber (i.e., rubber, oil Petty traders, manufacturing Local Government Single-cropped palm, coconut, tea Construction administration and and cocoa) Hawkers, Public Authorities paddy Commerce Land development Stall holders, Police and Armed Traditional livestock Utilities and other schemes and Household Forces. agriculture double cropped servants, Transport paddy Gathering of jungle Trishaw-riders Communications produce Commercial forestry Other persons Modern services Inshore fishing Modern fishing pursuing a including the Modern tin mining multitude of professions and the Dulang washing activities requiring tourist trade Small gravel-pump little or no initial skill mining for tin. or training. 1 In this transformation process, from one that is agriculturally based to one that is based on manufacturing and services, we will face the problem of unequal development and urbanisation Developed regions such as 2 Selangor, Penang, Perak and followed by Johor grew faster and left the other region behind Go to www.menti.com and use the code 7476 5078 The development plans in Malaysia isdivided into three, based on length of years First Outline Perspective Plan New Malaysia Plan (First Malaysia Plan Malaysia Yearly Budget Economic Policy (1971-1990) – 11th Malaysia Plan) National development Policy 1991- 2000 with OPP2 National Vision Policy 2001-2010 with OPP3 New Economic Model 2011-2020 with National Transformation Programme NTP and UTP. 1 Before 1957, development mainly to protect colonial interests, particularly in the Draft Development 1950-55 Social services, infrastructure, trade and Emergency, 1948-60 plantation and mining industries Plan development First Elections, 1955 First Malaya Plan 1956-60 Rural development, rubber industry, Independence, 1957 (General Plan of emergency expenditure, defence, security Global recession, 1957- Development) Rural and new land development was more 58 focused on the Chinese resettlement policy, so the term "new village" was coined. Federated Malay State Briggs New Village Plan FELDA schemes in rural a (Persekutuan Tanah b was introduced to c areas – 1st. FELDA Melayu) formed. Federal contained communist settlement - Lurah Bilut in Town Planning maintained influence among Chinese Pahang. (advisory) community 1 After independence, issues on poverty, unemployment and economic disparities among Second Malaya 1961-65 Rural development, employment generation, Formation of Malaysia, ethnics groups Plan economic growth, economic diversification, 1963 social services Separation of Imbalance and inequality Singapore from between the different regions in Malaysia Malaysia First Malaysia Plan 1966-70 Racial harmony, economic growth, May 13 Riots, 1969 employment generation, economic diversification, population planning a Village plan for Orang Asli b Town Planning Department at each state – Johor, Perak, Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan/Melaka, Kedah/Perlis, Kelantan/Trengganu The objective of the NDP after 1970 is to attain a balanced development in order to establish a more united and just society. Building upon the on-going thrust of the NEP in eradicating poverty and restructuring society Second Malaysia Plan 1971-75 1st phase of New Economic Policy – eradication of poverty, New Economic Policy, 1971-90 restructuring of society Oil shock, 1973 Third Malaysia Plan 1976-80 2nd phase of NEP – eradication of poverty, restructuring of society Oil shock, 1979 Private sector-driven Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981-85 New Economic Policy Fiscal constraints, 1980-81 Fifth Malaysia Plan 1986-90 Revitalise agriculture sector Recession, 1985-86 Privatization Heavy industry Sixth Malaysia Plan 1991-95 Sustain growth National Development Policy 1991- Balanced development 2000 Vision 2020 (1991) Seventh Malaysia Plan 1996-2000 Balanced Development Asian Financial Crisis, 1997/98 Productivity-driven growth Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001-5 Knowledge-based economy National Vision Policy, 2001-10 Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-10 Value chain, human capital, socio-economic inequities Global Financial Crisis, 2008 12th General Election (2008) National Mission, 2006-20  Federated Malay State Relocation and re- Satellite cities that have 1 (Persekutuan Tanah 5 groupment schemes for 8 grown around major city Melayu) formed. Federal Orang Asli. centers include Petaling Town Planning maintained Jaya, Sungai Buloh, (advisory). Ampang, Serdang, Sri 6 The role of Town and Kembangan, Kajang and Country Planning Selayang in the Klang 2 The opening of new Department was towns and land Valley; Sungai Ara, Perai, incorporated in the 4th. Gelugor, Tanjung Tokong development were Malaysia Plan and 5th. and Tanjung Bungah in intensified i.e. KEJORA, Malaysia Plan policies - Penang as well as Pasir DARA, KETENGAH dan focusing on the industrial Gudang, Ulu Tiram, Skudai KESEDAR. and infrastructure and Senai in Johor Bahru. Reorganization of local development. 3 government - introduced Introduced the Land Re- Integrated Agricultural Local Government Act 7 9 adjustment Scheme, Development (IADP) 1976, Act 171 and; Town planning and development and Country Planning Act of heavy industries 1976, Act 172. Malaysia's administration (PEWAJA Steel and Proton) 10 and governance were and mega infrastructure Introduced Development (North-South Highway, moved from Kuala Lumpur 4 Plan System – Structure Penang Bridge). to Putrajaya. Plan and Local Plan based on Town and Country Planning Act 1976, Act 172. Transforming Malaysia into a high-income country by 2020, 1 Transforming Malaysia into a high-income country by 2020 Tenth Malaysia 2011-15 Government Transformation Programme Global financial crisis 2 To achieve Malaysia’s aspiration Plan New Economic Model Greater competition for of becoming a high-income Economic Transformation Programme Foreign Direct nation, acceleration in new Investment technology creation should be Week private given priority investment Eleventh Malaysia 2016-20 Inclusiveness, well-being, infrastructure, green 13th General Elections Plan growth (2013) Fiscal constraints Deindustrialization Malaysian National Development Strategy 1 The urban sector plays an important role in the National Development Policy (NDP) 2 For a proper guidance and control of urbanisation development to take place in the country, the government has outlined a draft of National Urban Policy (NUP) The policy seeks to reduce the 3 negative effects of urban development, while make use of its positive attributes in contributing to socio-economic development and promoting a balanced development in the country. Recognising the spatial effects of economic and social policies, the NUP provides the framework for integrated planning of urban development and effective management of the urban planning process in the country The dispersal of industrial Through the To create a closer co- Through an effective Comprehensive urban activities, enhancement establishment of special operation between the participation in higher development and of inter-urban and function towns, public and private sectors value-added activities in effective internal regional linkages and the development of border the urban areas management of these integration of urban-rural town and conservation of centres linkages national heritage  1 2 3 4 5 6 The disparities in The developed The concentration In the less The resulting The government economic regions had a of industrial estates developed regions, inequity increased acted quickly to development due higher and foreign direct the economy was racial tensions, close the ethnic to urbanisation concentration of investment in these still based on culminating in the gap by enacting the have been population and regions resulted in traditional vicious riots on May New Economic influenced by infrastructure than a high income and agriculture, and 13, 1969. Policy and other historical factors the less developed relatively high these areas faced initiatives in the regions. standard of living. the problem of high National selective out Development Plans migration