History of Early Towns in Malaysia PDF

` At the end of this class, student should be able to: 1 Understand the history of early towns in Malaysia 2 Factors that shaped the early towns in Malaysia 3...

` At the end of this class, student should be able to: 1 Understand the history of early towns in Malaysia 2 Factors that shaped the early towns in Malaysia 3 Importance of history to today’s development context Sundaland encompasses the Sunda-shelf which is a tectonically stable extension of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia which was exposed during the last glacial era in the last 2 million years Three phases of early settlements in Malaysia is an Archaeological finds from the More people arrived, including new tribes and important prehistoric site where show that people were making stone tools seafarers. The Malay Peninsula became the human remains dating to ca. 40,000 and using jewellery. The archaeological data from crossroads in maritime trades of the ancient age. years ago have been found this period come from cave and rock shelter sites, Seafarers who came to Malaysia's shores (latest research: 65,000 years ago) and are associated with Hoabinhian hunter- included Indians, Javanese and Chinese among gatherers. It is believed that Neolithic farmers others. made their entrance in this region between 3– 4000 years ago Three phases of pre-modern settlements BC AC 100 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800 YEAR ANCIENT PORT CITIES EARLY TOWNS COLONIAL TOWN  China 1 Have trade relations Arab India Rome Peninsular Siam Greek Developed into a trading 2 centre or entreport when the community’s communication Transit and social systems are Coastal Fortification progressing Trading ports started with the Palace 3 arrivals of traders (Persia, Arab Complex Warehouse Peninsular, Europe, India, Siam and China) Harbour Early traditional settlements Traders 4 developed into port cities and Segment Native centers of exchange Segment River Artist impression trade activities in Example of Ancient Port Cities Lembah Bujang Concept 5 Town planning systems during the ancient port cities time resembled the concept of Mandala (Hinduism and Buddhism) which uses a hierarchical layer system. At this period, King was the 6 center of nature and universe. Planning start from where the King lives, the King palace to the hall, the whole complex of palace, the surrounding walls and other military walls to ensure nothing can penetrate the palace. Mandala Concept Angkor Wat Candi Lembah Bujang (KEDAH TUA EMPIRE) 1 Originated from the Defense Fortress kampung or villages Locational factors – being 2 close to the rivers makes them Settlement strategic for transportation resources including increased Mosque port and trading activities – augmenting the position of Palace riverine cities as city centres Market Complex Place Padang In Peninsular Malaysia, the 3 early towns were founded by the Malay rulers and some of Settlement these estuary towns are also esteemed as Royal Towns. River Example of Malay Royal Town Concept 4 In Sarawak, all political and social behaviour was attuned to the rivers. Some of its inhabitants identified themselves as people of a certain river (e.g Batang Lupar). In Sabah, more than three - 5 quarters of the human population inhabit the coastal plains. Major towns and city centers have sprung up along the coast of Sabah. 1 Portugues, Dutch and British – historical continuity, physical evolution and urban Portuguese Dutch British geography Started with the fall of Malay The space inside the original Reconstructed the fort and town Instilled a systematic urban 2 fort of Melaka – conquered by Melaka fort was entirely taken up to their own requirements planning on towns to engage the Portuguese 1511 by buildings in which with the locals and the colonists’ administration of the city The fort was used for needs. The invasion was for the 3 purpose of taking control of the contained government purposes, slave quarters, prison, storage and Straits Settlement spice trade in the region of guard house which Melaka town was their Churches, convents, hospitals Federated Malay States most important commercial and government buildings Introduce urban structure plan for entrepot in South-East Asia the city of Melaka, which include Unfederated Malay States building settings, roads and access to public areas Sarawak British and Dutch accorded the Sabah Anglo Dutch Treaty 1824 1 Having similarities in terms of history, architecture and town planning Penang Three main zones in the city 2 area: Administrative area Labuan The green or central area The commercial area – monopolized by immigrant traders from China The road systems were in grid 3 iron form with shophouses Melaka located lining the roads Street settlement architecture 4 consisting of a dominant Singapore architectural style with a combination of colonial and immigrant Chinese influences 1 Rich with the natural resources of tin and iron ore The mining activities indirectly 2 led to the opening of more lands and towns in the Perak Ipoh, Federated Malay States Taiping, Batu Gajah All these towns and cities were 3 Pahang known as tin towns Selangor Sungai Lembing Besides tin, large scale rubber Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lipis 4 planting was also a factor leading to the mass opening of land in the Malay Peninsular Increased economic status 5 through tin and rubber trading pave the way for infrastructural development 6 In the early days of tin discovery, trade routes to transport tin was via the rivers The first railway track built in 7 the Malay Peninsular was from Taiping to Port Weld (Kuala Sepetang) The second railway track from 8 Kuala Lumpur to Klang In the early 18th century when 9 road constructions were undertaken to connect city centres with mining areas specifically along the west coast of the Peninsular Towns and cities during the 10 Biritish colonial era were colourful with beautiful buildings 1 Unfederated Malay Kelantan States of Kelantan, Kedah Terengganu, Kedah and Johor were governed by Terengganu the Kings and Sultans’ decree Even though these states were 2 placed under the Biritsh Empire patronage, matters pertaining to the Islamic religion and Malay customs were still governed by the Sultan The Urban form and urban Johor 3 elements of these towns and cities are as discussed in Malay Early Towns 1 For about a hundred years Sarawak was ruled by the white Brooke dynasty and was touted as a true frontier for western expansion and an ideal setting for the exploitation of its natural resources There was very little 2 development during this period because Brooke rule was inimical to economic progress— the Brookes gave little or no financial assistance to the natives, undertook few developmental initiatives, and expected foreign entrepreneurs and missionaries Sarawak to provide the rudiments of physical and social infrastructures. 2 The Brookes administered Sarawak on the basis of the river systems and forts were established on the river mouths where officials were stationed. These forts symbolized Brooke 3 authority and also enabled the officials to control river traffic, whether of commerce or of people. Consequently, the main 4 settlements in Sarawak were all centred on the rivers, conformed to Brooke planning policies and exhibited striking similarities. Kuching Waterfront 1 Piracy in North Borneo (Sabah) The pirates had settlements of 2 considerable size at various Sabah points along the coastline of North Borneo, particularly in Marudu Bay and later at Tungku In the Dusun villages of the 3 west coast of North Borneo the pirates found a liberal supply of slaves, cattle and agricultural produce James Brooke secured the 4 suppression of piracy in North Borneo. 5 The country possessed three main attractions: its timber, its reputed minerals and its land. Economically the country went 6 slowly ahead. In 1896 a telegraph line from 7 Jesselton to Sandakan was completed. A metre-gauge railway to run 8 from Weston to Beaufort was begun in the same year, being opened to traffic in 1898 and completed in 1900. An extension from Beaufort to 9 Jesselton on the west coast (and also to Melalap in the Interior) was then commenced, which was finally taken over Jesselton view from Signal Hill in 1909 from the contractors in 1905. Trading activities – Entrepôt The river served as the main transport route and The city was designed based on its economic water resources supply importance, including maritime trade, natural resources, import and export activities The river culture originated from the population concentration and its connection with the river Roads and railways were established in the British economic centres under the Colonial administration mainly to exploit our natural resources  1 2 3 Current It allows an It restricts how we live conditions have grown understanding and what we can do out of those that of how changing contexts about it prevailed in the recent affect cities and urban past, and thus an affairs understanding of past urban processes is crucial in order to understand cities today  1 2 Giving themes to the Preserving socio-cultural- study area natural sites JUSTIFIKASI PERKAITAN KOMPONEN PEMBENTUKAN TTTTB Ketara (Tangible) Tidak Ketara (Intangible) Source: TPRG, 2021  Kuala Kangsar sebagai pusat pentadbiran Kesultanan Melayu Ipoh terbentuk sebagai pusat aktiviti perdagangan bijih timah Batu Gajah dan Papan sebagai pusat penempatan komuniti bijih Petunjuk Tg. Tualang sebagai pusat penempatan komuniti bijih timah Tg. Tualang sebagai pusat penempatan komuniti bijih timah Source: TPRG, 2021 Source: TPRG, 2021  15 14 12 11 13 10 7 9 8 5 4 6 3 ` ` ` 2 16 ` 1 ` Petunjuk ` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Source: TPRG, 2021 Source: TPRG, 2021 KUALA KANGSAR PUSAT KESENIAN ARTISAN IPOH SEBAGAI PUSAT KREATIVITI SENI KONTEMPORARI Source: TPRG, 2021  1 2 3 4 5 6 Early settlements in However, during Today, there are Rather, the city was Roads and railways Understanding of Malaysia were the British colonial many colonial cities designed based on were established in history is important discovered near age, these in Malaysia, of its economic the British for future rivers and coastal settlements were which the majority importance, economic centres development of an lines like other not confined to the have no connection including maritime under the Colonial area settlements topography and or contact with the trade, natural administration of worldwide location of the river nature resources, import 1920 mainly to and export exploit our natural activities resources Go to www.menti.com and use the code: 8831 4211