Victoria Hewitt Final Exam Review PDF
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Uploaded by ArdentHeliotrope96
Harvard University
Victoria Hewitt
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Summary
This document contains a review of topics related to medical and healthcare concepts, including first aid, PPE, and food safety.
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1.How long does it take for brain cells to die withoutoxygen? 4-6 minutes. 2. Describe the difference between ligaments and tendons in terms of attachment. Ligaments: bone to bone Tendons: bone to muscle 3. One-rescuer CPR is given at a ratio of _____compressions to _____ br...
1.How long does it take for brain cells to die withoutoxygen? 4-6 minutes. 2. Describe the difference between ligaments and tendons in terms of attachment. Ligaments: bone to bone Tendons: bone to muscle 3. One-rescuer CPR is given at a ratio of _____compressions to _____ breaths. 30 compressions to 2 breaths 4. List the proper steps when using an AED? 1. Cut off clothing covering chest 2. If possible shave off excessive hair on chest 3. Follow instructions on AED 4. Place pads 5. Make sure no one is touching the body 6. Start the shock. 5.What is the acronym SHARP used for? S: Swelling around wound H: Heat/pulsing from area A: Aches and pains at sight of area R: Redness of surrounding area P: Puss draining from injury . When bandaging a wound, when should you checkcirculation? How do you check 6 circulation? Check before and after putting on a bandage. To check, press the finger for a couple of seconds, and see if the white finger goes back to pink, making sure circulation is good. It should only take a couple seconds on a healthy finger. This is called capillary refill or CSM. 7. What are the signs and symptoms of a fracture? Broken or cracked bone Visibly out of place or misshapen, swelling, bruising or bleeding, intense pain, inability to move. Open (Compound): Broken bone punctures skin Closed (Simple): Broken bone doesn’t puncture skin .What is the difference between first, second, thirdand fourth degree burns? 8 First: superficial layer of skin, redness Second: Blistering, weeping, partial or intermediate thickness Third: full thickness, dry, insensitive to touch Fourth: Right through to muscle or bone (sometimes burns through those), loss of burned part .What does RICE stand for? 9 For sprains, dislocations, fractures and strains R: Rest (no weight/don’t use) I: Immobilize (sling/splint) C: Cold/compression (ice for swelling) E: Elevate (raise to help swelling) 1 0.What is the longest, strongest bone in the body? Femur (thigh bone) 1 1. Where is the most common place on the body that a health care provider will take a pulse reading from? Radial pulse (wrist) 1 2. What is a sprain? What is a strain? What is a dislocation? What is a fracture? Sprain: injury to ligament, which attaches bone to bone Strain: Injury to tendon, which attaches bone to muscle Dislocation: Bone no longer in it’s proper place in the joint racture: Broken or cracked bone. Open (Compound): broken bone punctures skin. Closed F (Simple): Broken bone doesn't puncture skin 1 4. Explain the proper steps you would take to provide first aid to the victim who has injured their ankle and appears to be in severe pain. Tell the victim not to bear weight on it, splint it, ice it and elevate it. If in severe pain, apply WARTS in case of shock. 1 5. List the proper steps when donning and doffing PPE. Donning: 1. Hand hygiene 2. Gown 3. Mask/N95 4. Goggles 5. Gloves Doffing: 1. Gloves 2. Gown 3. Hand hygiene 4. Goggles 5. Mask/N95 6. Hand hygiene 1 6. List all PPE that healthcare providers are required to wear when entering a patient’s room for each precaution listed below. a ) C ontact precautions:Gown, gloves b) Droplet precautions:Eye protection, mask c) Airborne precautions:N95 mask 1 7. List and describe the 4 simple steps that you can practice to help protect you and your loved ones from food poisoning. Clean: - Wash hands and surfaces often - Rinse fruits and vegetables - Wash equipment with hot water and soap - Wash hands for 20s before, during and after preparing and before eating Separate: - Never cross contaminate - Keep fruits and vegetables away from meats, seafood or eggs and use separate cutting boards for each - Separate fruits/veggies and animal products while shopping and in the fridge, too Cook: - C ook to the right internal temperature (high enough to kill germs) - Use a food thermometer Chill: - Refrigerate promptly 2 - B acteria multiply rapidly between 40f-140f or danger zone - Refrigerate within 2 hours in a fridge below 40f - Thaw frozen food in the fridge, cold water or microwave, never counter (bacteria multiply faster) 1 8. What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? Epidemic is a disease outbreak that rapidly spreads in a small region Pandemic is a global epidemic that actively spreads to multiple regions around the globe Pandemic is a large-scale epidemic. 1 9. Briefly explain what a “broad-spectrum antibiotic" is and why it is commonly used to treat infectious agents. A broad spectrum antibiotic is an antibiotic that is used to treat a lot of infectious agents (works on 1 or 2 major bacterial groups). Common because it can fight multiple bacterias at once, so it’s helpful especially when you may not know what is infecting your patient, so you use this to treat it. 2 0. What is a superbug and why are superbugs considered highly dangerous? When you don't finish your recommended dose of antibiotics, it can create a superbug. A superbug is a strain of bacteria that has become immune to antibiotic drugs. Dangerous because it’s very hard to get rid of because it’s become resistant to many antibiotics that would kill non-superbug versions. 21. Define the terms and provide one example of each: a) Conventional Therapy:Conventional remedies (hospitalsuse this) that have been scientifically proven and used in medical establishments standardized and approved by the healthcare system. Considered western medicine. Standard medicine, chemo, radiation, surgery. b) Complementary Therapy:Natural and unconventionalremedies, paired with conventional therapies as well to help cure illnesses. Eases symptoms to improve quality of life. Meditation + chemo, green tea + conventional therapies. c) Alternative Therapy:Forego conventional therapy,use a more natural way to cure illnesses. Some can be harmful and delay access to proven treatments. Acupuncture, cupping. 22. Describe the three types of strokes and what makes them different from one another: a) I schemic:Blood clot blocks arteries leading to thebrain, preventing normal blood flow and oxygen. 87% of strokes are ischemic. b) Hemorrhagic:Breakage of a vessel within the brain,caused by trauma or ruptured aneurism. 13% of strokes are hemorrhagic. c) TIA:Mini stroke. that produces temporary (less than24 hours) stroke-like symptoms, however, still a medical emergency. Caused by a clot that doesn’t stay for a long period of time, and continues through the body. No permanent damage. Around 15% of strokes occur after TIA. 2 3. List 3 common symptoms of a stroke. Slurred speech, facial drooping, facial paralysis, inability to keep balance or keep hands over head, issues with swallowing, severe headache, nausea, vomiting and unilateral pupil RXN. 24. List all the structures in the upper and lower airway. Upper: pharynx, larynx, epiglottis Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli 3 2 5. List the proper flow of air through the respiratory system. In: nasal/oral cavity, pharynx (epiglottis), larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Out: alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx (epiglottis), nasal/oral cavity 2 6. Review how to properly calculate the total body surface area of a burn and the parkland burn formula. Calculate total body surface area of burn (TBSA): Hand = 1% Entire head = 9% (4.5% per side) Entire left arm = 9% (4.5% per side) Entire right arm = 9% (4.5% per side) Entire trunk (torso) = 36% (18% per side) Perineum (Groin) = 1% Entire right leg = 18% (9% per side) Entire left leg = 18% (9% per side) nterior = front A Posterior = back arkland burn formula: P For those who have deep partial-full thickness burns covering more than 20% TBSA (adults) ormula: 4ml x TBSA% x Weight (kg) = Total amount of fluid the patient must receive F within the first 24 hours. First 8 hours: Patient will receive ½ total amount of fluid Next 16 hours: Patient will receive rest of fluid To calculate: [ 4ml x TBSA% x Weight (kg)] / 2 = amount of fluid in first 8 hours 2 7. List the proper flow of blood through all structures within the heart. Body → Heart → Lungs: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right AV Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery ungs → Heart → Body: L Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left AV Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta 28. What is the normal reading for: a) Blood Pressure 120/80 b) Temperature (oral) 36.1-37.2 degrees celsius c) Pulse (heart rate) 60-100 bpm d) Respiratory rate (respirations) 12-20 rpm e) O2 Saturation 98-100% 4 2 9. Describe 2 cardiac conditions including 1 sign and symptom, 1 cause/risk factor, and 1 treatment for each. Heart murmur: Unique (whooshing, humming or rasping) heart sounds produced when turbulent blood flows past a valve or vessel Signs & symptoms: Extra, unexpected sound made by blood as it moves through the heart, trouble breathing, shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting Risk factor: Born with a defect (hole in heart), family history of heart diseases/heart murmurs Cause: Noisy blood flow through heart, flowing abnormally through heart and defective valves Treatment: Anti-arrhythmic medications, ACE inhibitors or ARBs (lower blood pressure) rrhythmia: A Irregularities in the heartbeat, when it is too fast, too slow or not beating at a steady pace Signs &symptoms: Racing feeling in chest, dizziness Risk factor: Overweight/not enough exercise Cause: Caused by electrical signals which tell the heart to pump don’t work properly Treatment: Pacemaker to help the heart have a steady rhythm, medicines, surgery on heart 3 0. What is asthma and what are two asthmatic triggers? Asthma is a condition that is caused by inflammation of and muscles tightening around the airways, making it hard to breathe. Symptoms include: - Coughing - Wheezing - Shortness of breath Triggers: - Allergies like pollen or dust - Smoke/fumes and pollution 3 1. What covers a wound? Dressing 3 2. What is the compression rate for adult CPR? 100-120 bpm 5
