Gross Anatomy Instructional Module PDF, NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Republic of the Philippines NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE...

Republic of the Philippines NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No: IM-VANA 1- 1S-2023-2024 GROSS ANATOMY INTRODUCTION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anatomy- study of the structures. Gross Anatomy- study of the structures that can be easily dissected or observed with the naked eye. Comparative Anatomy- emphasizes anatomical correlations, similarities and variations between the individual animal species and human beings. Topographical Anatomy- anatomy of one part in relation to other body parts. Applied Anatomy- practical application in diagnosis and treatment of pathological condition. Microscopic Anatomy- study of structures that can be seen with the use of microscope. INTRODUCTION Ultrastructural Anatomy- further examination of structures in greater detail. Pathological Anatomy- study of the deviation from the normal anatomy, usually when the animal is diseased or has improper functioning organs. Embryology- study of the development of an individual from fertilized oocyte to birth. Developmental Anatomy- study of the development of an individual from zygote to adult. Teratology- study of abnormal development. Etymology and Anatomical Nomenclature 1895- group of anatomists proposed a standard list of terms. 1957- The International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (ICVAN), appointed by the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists, published Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) for domestic mammals in 1968. 1989- Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA), formed the basis for the present sixth edition of Nomina Anatomica (NA), which was prepared by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC) and adopted by the International Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955. 1989- the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists created a new committee, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT). Directional Terms Plane- surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by straight lines. Median Plane- divides the head, body and limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves. Sagittal Plane- parallel to the median plane. Transverse Plane- cuts at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or part. Dorsal Plane- divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Dorsal- toward or relatively near the upper surface of the head, body and tail. Ventral- toward or relatively near the supporting surface and the corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail. Medial- toward or relatively near the median plane. Lateral- away from or relatively farther from the median plane. Cranial- towards or relatively near the head; on the limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. Rostral- toward or relatively near the nose. Caudal- toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus  Republic of the Philippines NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No: IM-VANA 1- 1S-2023-2024 Internal or Inner- close to, or in the direction of, the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure. External or Outer- away from the center of an organ or structure. Superficial- relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ. Deep- relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ  Republic of the Philippines NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No: IM-VANA 1- 1S-2023-2024 Proximal- relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the attached end of that structure. Distal- away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the free end of that structure. Radial- on that side of the forearm (antebrachium) in which the radius is located. Ulnar- on that side of the forearm in which the ulna is located. TIBIAL and FIBULAR On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus), the tibial side being medial and the fibular side being lateral. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Palmar- aspect of the forepaw on which the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal. Plantar- aspect of the hindpaw on which the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal. Axis- central line of the body or any of its parts. Axial, Abaxial- of, pertaining to, or relative to the axis. TERMINOLOGIES ON BASIC MOVEMENT Flexion- the movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced. Extension- he movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended; the digit is straightened; the back is straightened. Abduction- the movement of a part away from the median plane. Adduction- The movement of a part toward the median plane. Circumduction- the movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone. Rotation- the movement of a part around its long axis Supination- lateral rotation of the appendage so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially or dorsally. Pronation- medial rotation of the appendage from the supine position so that the palmar or plantar surface will face the substrate or faces ventrally. Markings on Bones *A- Articular *NA- Non-articular (A) Condyle- large articular prominence (A) Cotyloid- deep articular depression (NA) Crest- prominent border or ridge (A) Cavity- shallow concavity (NA) Epicondyle- a prominence just proximal to the condyle (A) Facet- smooth flat surface (NA) Fissure- a narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent bones (NA) Foramen- an opening through a bone. (NA) Fossa- a small hollow structure (NA) Fovea- a shallow non-articular depression (NA) Groove- a long, narrow, furrow accommodating an vessel (A) Head- a rounded articular process (NA) Line- a ridge less prominent than a crest (NA) Meatus-a tube-like canal through a bone (A) Notch- a depression at the edge of a bone  Republic of the Philippines NUEA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No: IM-VANA 1- 1S-2023-2024 (NA) Process- any prominent, roughened projection from a bone (NA) Spine- a sharp, slender process (NA) Trochanter- a large, blunt process found only on the femur (A) Trochlea- a pulley shaped structure (NA) Tubercle- a small rounded process (NA) Tuberosity or tuber- a large, usually roughened process Divisions of the Skeleton AXIAL SKELETON- bones and cartilages protecting the soft structures of the head, neck and trunk. Skull Hyoid apparatus Vertebral column Thorax APPENDICULAR SKELETON- bones of the limbs and the bones connecting the limbs to the axial skeleton. Thoracic Limb Thoracic girdle Brachium (arm) Antebrachium (forearm) Manus Carpus Metacarpus Digits/ phalanges Pelvic limb Pelvic girdle Thigh Stifle Leg Pes Tarsus Metatarsus Digits/ phalanges VISCERAL or SPLANCHNIC SKELETON- bones that develop in the viscera or soft structures. DISSECTION The purpose of the dissection is to gain a clear understanding of the normal structures of the body and their relationships, and an appreciation for individual variation. Radiography and the more recent development of imaging procedures require a clear understanding of these relationships and the ability to interpret three-dimensional anatomy from two-dimensional views.