Untitled Document PDF

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science 1.1 The History and Scope of Psychology LOQ 1-1 How is psychology a science? LOQ 1-2 What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude, and how do they support scientific inquiry? LOQ 1-3...

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science 1.1 The History and Scope of Psychology LOQ 1-1 How is psychology a science? LOQ 1-2 What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude, and how do they support scientific inquiry? LOQ 1-3 How does critical thinking feed a scientific attitude, and smarter thinking for everyday life? LOQ 1-4 What were some important milestones in psychology’s early history? LOQ 1-5 How did behaviorism, Freudian psychology, and humanistic psychology further the development of psychological science? LOQ 1-6 How has contemporary psychology focused on cognition, on biology and experience, on culture and gender, and on human flourishing? LOQ 1-7 How do psychologists use the biopsychosocial approach, and how can it help us understand our diverse world? LOQ 1-8 What are psychology’s main subfields? 1.2 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions LOQ 1-9 How does our everyday thinking sometimes lead us to a wrong conclusion? LOQ 1-10 Why are we so vulnerable to believing untruths? LOQ 1-11 How do theories advance psychological science? LOQ 1-12 How do psychologists use case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys to observe and describe behavior, and why is random sampling important? LOQ 1-13 What does it mean when we say two things are correlated, and what are positive and negative correlations? LOQ 1-14 Why do correlations enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation? LOQ 1-15 What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect? LOQ 1-16 How would you know which research design to use? LOQ 1-17 How can simplified laboratory conditions illuminate everyday life? LOQ 1-18 Why do psychologists study animals, and what ethical research guidelines safeguard human and animal welfare? How do psychologists’ values influence what they study and how they apply their results? LOQ 1-19 How can psychological principles help you learn, remember, and thrive? Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior 2.1 Neural and Hormonal Systems LOQ 2-1 Why are psychologists concerned with human biology? LOQ 2-2 How do biology and experience together enable neuroplasticity? LOQ 2-3 What are neurons, and how do they transmit information? LOQ 2-4 How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells? LOQ 2-5 How do neurotransmitters influence behavior, and how do drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission? LOQ 2-6 What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions, and what are the three main types of neurons? LOQ 2-7 How does the endocrine system transmit information and interact with the nervous system? 2.2 Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined LOQ 2-8 How do neuroscientists study the brain’s connections to behavior and mind? 2.3 Brain Regions and Structures LOQ 2-9 What are the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain? LOQ 2-10 What structures make up the brainstem, and what are the functions of the brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, and cerebellum? LOQ 2-11 What are the limbic system’s structures and functions? LOQ 2-12 What four lobes make up the cerebral cortex, and what are the functions of the motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and association areas? LOQ 2-13 Is it true that 90 percent of our brain isn’t really used? 2.4 Damage Response and Brain Hemispheres LOQ 2-14 To what extent can a damaged brain reorganize itself, and what is neurogenesis? LOQ 2-15 What do split brains reveal 2.5 Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior  LOQ 2-16 What are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the human genome? How do behavior geneticists explain our individual differences? LOQ 2-17 How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects and interactions of nature and nurture? LOQ 2-18 How do heredity and environment work together? LOQ 2-19 How do evolutionary psychologists use natural Chapter 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind 3.1 Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts LOQ 3-1 What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history? LOQ 3-2 How does selective attention direct our perceptions? LOQ 3-3 What is the dual processing being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience? 3.2 Sleep and Dreams LOQ 3-4 What is sleep? LOQ 3-5 How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning? LOQ 3-6 What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages? LOQ 3-7 How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns? LOQ 3-8 What are sleep’s functions? LOQ 3-9 How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders? LOQ 3-10 What do we dream, and what functions have theorists proposed for dreams? 3.3 Drugs and Consciousness LOQ 3-11 What are substance use disorders? LOQ 3-12 What roles do tolerance and addiction play in substance use disorders, and how has the concept of addiction changed? LOQ 3-13 What are depressants, and what are their effects? LOQ 3-14 What are stimulants, and what are their effects? LOQ 3-15 What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects? LOQ 3-16 Why do some people become regular users of consciousness-altering drugs? Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span 4.1 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn LOQ 4-1 What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists? LOQ 4-2 What is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development? LOQ 4-3 What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants’ mental abilities? 4.2 Infancy and Childhood LOQ 4-4 During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop? LOQ 4-5 How did Piaget broaden our understanding of the way a child’s mind develops, and how have today’s researchers built on his work? LOQ 4-6 How did Vygotsky view children’s cognitive development? LOQ 4-7 What does it mean to develop a theory of mind? LOQ 4-8 How do caregiver-infant attachment bonds form? LOQ 4-9 How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned? LOQ 4-10 How does experiencing adversity affect children’s social development? LOQ 4-11 What are the four main parenting styles? LOQ 4-12 What outcomes are associated with each parenting style? 4.3 Adolescence LOQ 4-13 How is adolescence defined, and how do physical changes affect developing teens? LOQ 4-14 How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development? LOQ 4-15 What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence? LOQ 4-16 How do parents and peers influence adolescents? LOQ 4-17 What is emerging adulthood? 4.4 Adulthood LOQ 4-18 What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood? LOQ 4-19 How does memory change with age?  LOQ 4-20 What themes and influences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death? LOQ 4-21 How does our well-being change across the life span? LOQ 4-22 What range of reactions does a loved one’s death trigger? Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 5.1 Gender Development LOQ 5-1 How does the meaning of gender differ from the meaning of sex? LOQ 5-2 What are some of the ways males and females tend to be alike and to differ? LOQ 5-3 What factors contribute to gender bias in the workplace? LOQ 5-4 How do sex hormones influence prenatal and adolescent sexual development? LOQ 5-5 What are some cultural influences on gender roles? LOQ 5-6 What are the effects of sexual aggression? How have cultural views changed, and how can we reduce sexual aggression? LOQ 5-7 How do we form our gender identity? 5.2 Human Sexuality LOQ 5-8 How do hormones influence human sexual motivation? LOQ 5-9 What is the human sexual response cycle, and how do sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias differ? LOQ 5-10 How can sexually transmitted infections be prevented? LOQ 5-11 How do external and imagined stimuli contribute to sexual arousal? LOQ 5-12 What factors influence teenagers’ sexual behaviors and use of contraceptives? LOQ 5-13 What do we know about sexual orientation? LOQ 5-14 How might an evolutionary psychologist explain male-female differences in sexuality and mating preferences? LOQ 5-15 What are the key criticisms of evolutionary explanations of human sexuality, and how do evolutionary psychologists respond? LOQ 5-16 What role do social factors play in our sexuality? LOQ 5-17 How do nature, nurture, and our own choices influence gender roles and sexuality?