PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology 2023-2024 TERM 2 LECTURE 6 FEBRUARY 22, 2024 Collaboration and Cooperation Agenda u Social processes in learning u Collaborative and cooperative learning in the classroom u Collaboration and cooperation in other learning settings u u Co-constructed learning u Communi...

PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology 2023-2024 TERM 2 LECTURE 6 FEBRUARY 22, 2024 Collaboration and Cooperation Agenda u Social processes in learning u Collaborative and cooperative learning in the classroom u Collaboration and cooperation in other learning settings u u Co-constructed learning u Community learning Final Project – Check your progress Collaborative and Cooperative Learning u No universally agreed definition of the terms ‘collaborative’ and ‘cooperative’ learning. u For some theorists, u collaborative learning: students make individual progress, but are working along with others; u cooperative learning: typically involves more actively working together and more interdependence. Collaborative and Cooperative Learning Social Processes in Learning u Social processes are key in learning. u Education and social interactions are ideally integral parts of the same educational processes as opposed to being separate. u Learning is not simply teachers pouring knowledge into the students’ empty cups, it’s about how this knowledge is constructed in a social context and how the teachers can be used as a catalyst in this process. Social Processes in Learning u Theories u Vygotsky: Social Constructivism u Bandura: Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory u Albert Bandura (1925 - 2021) u Theory of learning that emphasizes how cognitive and environmental factors interact to influence learning and behavior. Collaborative and Cooperative Learning in The Classroom Collaborative and Cooperative Learning in The Classroom u u Collaborative learning involves thoughtful group structure and task design. u Cost-effective, evidence-based, and applicable to all subjects and ages. u Indirectly enhance skills like mastery learning. Successful implementation requires careful task planning to encourage collaboration and discourage individual work. u Balancing elements of competition is important to maintain focus on learning. u Encouraging struggling students to interact promotes their development and reflection. Classroom Layout Planning Collaborative Learning u u u Group Structure Considerations u Will the group be given a name (or be allowed to name themselves)? u Will they work in different places? u Will particular roles be assigned to each student? Task Structure Considerations u What is the task and what is the learning aim? u Will each person in the group work individually on something, or will the group work all together?. Addressing Social Dynamics u Avoiding social loafing, where individuals exert less effort in a group setting compared to working alone. u Considering the potential for social facilitation, where the presence of others increases effort levels. Example: Action Learning Sets (ALS) u u Action learning sets (ALS) involve small groups solving complex problems collaboratively. u Structured ALS sessions with well-designed tasks lead to the greatest learning gains. u Talk and interaction between learners enhance learning outcomes. Reflection on progress is important for learners in collaborative settings. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyGM7lm8Tbs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcQeag-fobs Peer Tutoring u Advanced learner teaches a more challenging topic to another learner. u Effective in various settings, benefiting both tutor and learner. u Particularly beneficial for low ability students and those with special educational needs. u Support for peer tutors and modeling of good practices are essential. Peer Assessment u Students exchange feedback to encourage reflection and progress. u Techniques u u ‘What Went Well’ (WWW) and ‘Even Better If’ (EBI) u ‘Two Stars and a Wish’ (two strengths and an improvement) u AIR marking (this is when students provide an Area of strength, an Improvement and the other student Responds to the feedback) Peer assessment can advocate student autonomy and increasing student empowerment and motivation (Bostock, 2000). https://www.ctl.ox.ac.uk/peer-feedback Technology and Collaborative Learning u Digital learning enhances collaborative learning. u For example: Collaborative mobile learning provides an accessible and always available learning context. u Blurs the boundaries between formal and informal learning. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) u CSCL is the field focused on how information and communication technology (ICT) can support learning in groups. u CSCL is driven by the increasing demand for new types of knowledge and innovative approaches to knowledge advancement, leading to the need for new educational models. u Research questions in CSCL explore u How individuals learn using specific tools u How small groups interact and develop shared meanings over time u How institutions adapt and create new conditions for teaching and learning u How learning opportunities evolve as society adopts new educational models. Ludvigsen, S., & Mørch, A. (2010). Computer-supported collaborative learning: Basic concepts, multiple perspectives, and emerging trends. The international encyclopedia of education, 5, 290-296. Hashim, S., Ismail, M. E., Ismail, A., Masek, A., Ismail, I. M., & Razali, N. (2019). The Characteristics of the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) through Moodle: a View on Students’ knowledge Construction Process. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 8(1.1), 117-122. Garshasbi, S., Yecies, B., & Shen, J. (2021). Microlearning and computersupported collaborative learning: An agenda towards a comprehensive online learning system. STEM Education, 1(4), 225-255. Technology and Collaborative Learning u Yeh et al. (2018) examined gender differences in a 3D virtual reality group exercise. u Students constructed a virtual airport and created stories and scenes. u Girls exhibited more verbal responses, asking questions and collaborating. u Girls participated through talking, while boys participated through actions. u Both genders showed off-task behaviors at times. u Students enjoyed the freedom to work collaboratively with minimal teacher intervention. u Gender differences observed in feedback: 99% of females believed it enhanced creativity, compared to 74% of males. Collaboration and Cooperation in Other Learning Settings Informal Learning u Informal learning occurs outside formal teaching environments. u u Social interaction, conversation, and the exploration of experiences. Lifelong learning is emphasized, highlighting that education should not be limited to the classroom. Informal Learning u Is formal education the only necessary form of education? u Which informal learning activities have had an impact on you? u Do you think you could have learned the same things in more formal settings such as schools? Why or why not? Informal Learning u Informal learning can facilitate self-development and complement formal classroom education. u Hobbies and extracurricular activities can enhance formal learning by providing relevant knowledge and experiences. u The transfer of knowledge between informal and formal learning contexts is valuable. Co-Constructed Learning u Co-constructed learning emphasizes collaboration and partnership working. u Collaborators develop shared patterns of awareness and of shared understanding. u All participants (e.g., educators, learners, and other professionals) in the partnership should benefit for maximum effectiveness. u Language plays a central role in mediating the co-construction process. u u Communication, dialogue, reflection, and feedback are essential. Learners can expand their knowledge and develop social and cooperative skills through co-construction. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM_HbQRUNnk Community Learning u Community learning is the development of learning within the community and often established by local authorities through government funding. u The aim is to engage community members, particularly older adults from disadvantaged backgrounds, to help them gain life skills. u Adults choose to participate in community learning voluntarily. u Learning in this context refers to the process of acquiring skills and knowledge, rather than a change in consciousness. u Examples u https://www.gov.hk/tc/residents/culture/performart/programmes/interestclasses.htm u https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/education/continuinged/training/options/adult.htm u https://kaifongtour.com/ u https://www.hkmu.edu.hk/lipace/tc/cbmp/ Final Project – Check Your Progerss u Topic Identification and Analysis u Select an educational or educational psychology topic. u Explore how this topic relates to the development of learners (such as their personal, cognitive, emotional, moral, or social development), achievement, or motivation. u Learners can be from any formal or informal learning environment, including elementary, middle, high school, and college, as well as postgraduate, professional, and training programs. u Identify any issues or problems you discovered. Next Class u Motivation I