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CH.8 The Assessment of Intelligence General Intelligence Terms Intelligence: The ability to think, learn, and adapt to the environment. General Intelligence Factor (g): Spearman’s idea of a single overall intelligence. Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Gardner’s idea of 8 types o...

CH.8 The Assessment of Intelligence General Intelligence Terms Intelligence: The ability to think, learn, and adapt to the environment. General Intelligence Factor (g): Spearman’s idea of a single overall intelligence. Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Gardner’s idea of 8 types of intelligence (e.g., verbal, musical, logical, interpersonal, etc.). IQ and Age-Related Terms Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A score that measures intelligence, typically using deviation IQ. Chronological Age: Actual age in years. Mental Age: The mental performance level linked to a specific age. Deviation IQ: IQ based on comparison to age peers (Wechsler). Cattell’s Two Types of Intelligence Fluid Ability: Genetic, culture-free, problem-solving skills. Crystallized Ability: Learned skills from culture and experience. Twins and Genetics Behavioral Genetics: Study of how genes and the environment shape behavior. Monozygotic (MZ) Twins: Identical twins (100% shared genes). Dizygotic (DZ) Twins: Fraternal twins (50% shared genes). Reliability and Validity Internal Consistency: How well test items match each other. Split-Half Reliability: Comparing two halves of the test for similarity. Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency of scores over time. Interrater Reliability: Agreement between different raters. Validity: How well a test measures what it’s supposed to measure. Key Tests Stanford-Binet (SB-5): Measures 5 cognitive skills (e.g., reasoning, memory, knowledge). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV): Adult IQ test with 15 subtests. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V): IQ test for ages 6–17. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: IQ test for younger children (ages 2–7). Other Intelligence Models Primary Mental Abilities: Thurstone’s 7 factors of intelligence (e.g., verbal, reasoning, memory). Index Score: WAIS-IV scores in key areas like reasoning and memory. Concordance Rate: How similar two individuals are on a specific trait. CH.15 Group Family and Couple Based Interventions Family Therapy Terms Behavioral Family Therapy: Focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors among family members. A cognitive approach adds self-monitoring and reframing negative thoughts. Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy: Teaches self-monitoring, communication, conflict resolution, and reframing family events. Collaborative Family Therapy: Each family member sees a different therapist; therapists then meet to discuss the family as a whole. Concurrent Family Therapy: One therapist sees family members individually, sometimes alongside traditional therapy. Conjoint Family Therapy: The entire family meets with one therapist together. Family Therapy: Therapy involving multiple family members to improve communication and address shared problems. Couples Therapy Terms Couples Therapy: Therapy for couples (married, unmarried, any gender) to address relationship issues. Cognitive-Behavioral Couples Therapy: Focuses on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to improve communication and problem-solving.  ○ Emotional Expressiveness Training: Teaching partners to express feelings and listen actively. Emotion-Focused Couples Therapy (EFT): Short-term therapy to build stronger emotional bonds. Key stages: ○ De-escalation: Recognizing harmful patterns and emotional triggers. ○ Restructuring: Sharing emotions, showing acceptance, and strengthening bonds. ○ Consolidation: Practicing new skills to prevent future conflict. ○ Enactment: Therapist guides partners to release and discuss emotions. Group Therapy Terms Group Therapy: Therapy with 5-10 clients meeting together, led by one or more therapists. Closed Group: No new members after the group starts. Open Group: Allows new members to join anytime. Directive Group: Structured, time-limited group (e.g., 12 sessions) with active lessons, skills, and homework. Nondirective Group: Less structured, focuses on individual client experiences. Interpersonal Group Therapy: Nondirective therapy where members learn from group interactions and feedback. Gestalt Group Therapy: Focuses on one client (“hot seat”) while others observe or give feedback. Psychodrama: Role-playing therapy where one client acts out past events like a play. Theoretical Concepts Family System: Patterns of interaction among family members. General Systems Theory: The family functions as a system; changing the system can reduce "pathology" or problems. Double Bind: Receiving contradictory messages that make every response feel wrong. Specialized Approaches Multisystemic Therapy: Home- or community-based therapy for juvenile offenders, focusing on family roles. Quick Memory Tips Conjoint = Joint: Whole family together. Collaborative = Many Therapists: Each family member gets a therapist. Behavioral = Actions: Focuses on reinforcing behaviors. Cognitive-Behavioral = Skills + Thoughts: Combines skills training with reframing thoughts. Closed vs. Open Groups: Closed = no new members; Open = join anytime. Emotion-Focused Therapy: D-R-C (De-escalation, Restructuring, Consolidation) to fix emotional bonds. CH.16 Clinical Psychology and Medical Health Health Models and Perspectives Biomedical Perspective: Illness is caused solely by biological factors. Biopsychosocial Model: Health involves biological, psychological, and social factors. Psychosocial Perspective: Recognizes psychological and social factors' role in illness. Health Psychology and Related Fields Health Psychology: Focuses on preventing illness, maintaining health, and treating health-related issues. Psychosomatic Medicine: Belief that illnesses are partly caused by psychological conflicts. Consultation/Liaison Psychology: Psychologists collaborate with medical staff to provide mental health care. Stress and Stress-Related Terms Stress: Interaction between people and their environment. Stressor: A situation or event perceived as challenging or threatening. Transactional Model of Stress: Stress = 1. Environmental event → 2. Appraisal of the event → 3. Physiological/emotional response. Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates body resources in emergencies; prolonged activation harms health.  Psychoneuroimmunology: Examines how stress impacts the immune system and behavior. Race-Related Stress: Stress caused by race-related challenges that threaten well-being. Behavioral and Coping Models Protection Motivation Theory: Health behavior = Threat Appraisal (risk of harm) + Coping Appraisal (belief in ability to avoid harm). ○ Coping Appraisal: Evaluating how well one can handle a challenge. ○ Threat Appraisal: Evaluating risk factors and harm potential. Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to control or master events. Motivational Interviewing (MI): Collaborative approach to strengthen a client’s commitment to change. Change Talk: Client’s statements about wanting things to improve. Relapse Prevention: Teaching skills to avoid returning to undesired behaviors after a lapse. Pain and Health Issues Chronic Pain: Pain lasting over 3 months, often without clear physical cause. Cytokine: Regulates inflammation; overproduction = chronic inflammation. Health Disparity: Differences in illness rates among groups. Risk Factor: A characteristic that increases illness likelihood. Therapy and Techniques Biofeedback: Learning to control physiological processes (e.g., heart rate) using signals like visuals or sounds. Controlled Drinking: Teaching individuals to drink in moderation rather than abstain completely. Social and Behavioral Terms Social Support: Quantity and quality of social relationships; linked to better health. Type A Personality: Associated with anger, hostility, and higher risk of heart disease. Quick Memory Tips 1. Biopsychosocial = Bio (biology) + Psycho (thoughts) + Social (people). 2. Protection Motivation: Threat + Coping decide your actions. 3. Biofeedback = Modify Body Signals → Improve Health. 4. Chronic Pain = Long-term pain (>3 months) without clear cause. 5. Motivational Interviewing = “You decide to change, I’ll help guide you.” 6. Psychoneuroimmunology = Stress + Body Systems. 7. Type A Personality = Angry → Heart Risk. 8. Self-Efficacy = “I can do this!” belief. CH.17 Clinical Psychology and the Law Forensic Psychology and Legal Roles Forensic Psychology: The application of psychological methods in legal contexts, such as child custody, jury selection, or dangerousness prediction. Expert Testimony: Testimony given by someone with specialized training or experience, such as a psychologist, about psychological issues in a legal case. Expert Witness: A person with expertise in a specific area, called to offer opinions and assist the court in understanding or evaluating evidence. Eyewitness Testimony: Testimony from someone who witnessed an event, but it is often unreliable due to memory distortions. Lay Witness: A person who testifies about events they have directly observed, without offering expert opinions. Witness Preparation: Helping witnesses present their testimony effectively and prepare for court without altering the facts. Insanity and Mental Health Standards ALI Standard: The most liberal standard, which excuses a defendant from criminal responsibility if a mental illness prevented them from understanding or controlling their actions. Durham Standard: States that a defendant is not criminally responsible if the act was the product of mental illness. M’Naghten Rule: Requires proof that a defendant’s mental illness prevented them from understanding their actions or that they knew it was wrong. Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI): A legal status where the defendant is found incapable of distinguishing right from wrong due to mental illness.  Guilty but Mentally Ill: A verdict where the defendant is sent to a psychiatric facility instead of prison for treatment, then to prison once deemed sane. Sane: Legally determined to be of sound mind at the time of a crime. Insane: A state where a person is unable to think clearly or sensibly when committing a crime due to mental illness. Custody and Commitment Child Custody Evaluation: A psychological assessment to assist in determining the best custody arrangement for a child. Joint Custody: Both parents share custody of the child after divorce. Visitation Rights: The legal right for the noncustodial parent to visit the child. Involuntary Commitment: Hospitalization against a person’s will, typically due to a mental health crisis. Voluntary Commitment: When an individual agrees to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital but can leave at any time. Legal Processes and Procedures Burden of Proof: The responsibility to prove a claim in court, typically resting with the defense in insanity cases. Competency to Stand Trial: The mental state of the defendant at the time of trial, ensuring they can understand the charges and cooperate with their defense. Voir Dire: The process of screening potential jurors to determine their suitability for a case. Jury Shadowing: Using mock jurors to predict the reactions of the actual jury and adjust trial strategies accordingly. Criminal Behavior and Profiling Behavioral Consistency: The assumption that an offender’s crimes tend to follow similar patterns. Homology: The belief that similar types of crimes are committed by similar offenders. Psychological Criminal Profiling: Identifying criminal suspects based on emotional and behavioral patterns inferred from the crime scene. Specialized Terms  Psychological Autopsy: A process to reconstruct a person’s psychological state leading up to their death, often in the context of suicide. Competency to Stand Trial: The defendant’s ability to understand the trial process and participate in their defense. Jury Shadowing: Observing mock jurors to predict real juror reactions and adjust strategy accordingly. CH.1 Clinical psychology in context Mental Health Professionals Clinical Psychologist: A professional focused on treating emotional, behavioral, and cognitive difficulties. They are involved in psychotherapy, diagnosis, research, teaching, and consultation. Counseling Psychologists: Psychologists who focus on helping individuals manage life stresses and mild to moderate mental health issues. They offer psychotherapy and counseling, especially in educational and occupational settings. Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs): Trained mental health providers who work with individuals, families, and groups on a variety of mental and emotional issues, using psychoeducational techniques. Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs): Therapists trained in family systems and relationships. They treat mental, emotional, and behavioral issues within the context of marriage, relationships, and family dynamics. Psychiatric Nurses: Registered nurses with specialized training in mental health. They assess, diagnose, and treat mental health conditions, and may prescribe medications depending on their qualifications. Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. They can prescribe medications and offer therapy. School Psychologists: Professionals who work in educational settings to promote intellectual, social, and emotional development in children, including evaluating special needs and advising teachers and administrators. Social Workers: Mental health professionals focused on the social and environmental factors contributing to clients’ issues. They provide therapy and support services, often working closely with clients in their day-to-day lives. Key Concepts Mental Illness: A pattern of behavior, thinking, or feeling that causes significant distress or dysfunction in daily life. Clinical Psychology: The field dedicated to understanding, predicting, and alleviating emotional and behavioral problems through research, teaching, and services. CH.2 Who is a Clinical Psychologist Organizations & Certifications Academy of Psychological Clinical Science: An organization promoting the clinical scientist model of training in clinical psychology. It is affiliated with the Association for Psychological Science (APS). American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP): Offers certification in various psychology specialties after five years of postdoctoral experience, involving oral examinations, case handling, and record reviews. Association for Psychological Science (APS): Founded in 1988 to advance the scientific aspects of psychology, including promoting its applications and preserving the scientific base. Board Certification: Certification from the ABPP to validate expertise in a specific area of psychology. Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact (PSYPACT): An agreement facilitating the practice of telepsychology and in-person psychology across state lines, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. State or Provincial Board of Psychology: Governs licensure requirements and approves licenses for psychologists within a particular jurisdiction. Training Models & Conferences Boulder Conference: The conference where the scientist-practitioner model (Boulder model) of doctoral clinical psychology training was established. Clinical Scientist Model: A training approach emphasizing empirical research and the integration of scientific principles into clinical practice. Scientist-Practitioner Model: A predominant clinical psychology training model that balances scientific research with clinical practice. Practitioner-Scholar Model (Vail Model): A training model that focuses primarily on clinical practice and less on research. Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology: Richard McFall’s call to action for a more scientifically oriented approach to clinical psychology and graduate training. Clinical Specialties Clinical Adult Psychology: Specializes in psychological problems and psychiatric disorders among adults (18+). Clinical Child/Adolescent Psychology: Focuses on the psychological issues and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical Health Psychology: Involves the prevention and treatment of illnesses and the promotion of good health, particularly for individuals with diagnosed medical conditions. Geropsychology: Specializes in working with the elderly population.  Pediatric Psychologist: A clinical health psychologist who works with children and youth, often in hospital settings. Training & Certification Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree: An advanced degree emphasizing research, culminating in a doctoral dissertation. Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Degree: A clinical-focused advanced degree with less emphasis on research and more on clinical and assessment skills. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP): Required exam for licensure, assessing broad human behavior knowledge (Part 1) and clinical competencies (Part 2). Postdoctoral Fellowship: Additional supervised clinical experience, typically 2000 hours, required after graduation for licensure. Predoctoral Internship: A year-long, full-time clinical training during doctoral programs, essential for completing doctoral training in clinical psychology. Professional Schools of Psychology: Institutions that provide training primarily focused on clinical practice, with less emphasis on research.