Psychology Lecture 3: Intelligence 1&2 PDF

Psychology Lecture: 3 Intelligence 1&2 By Dr. Fatma Elzaher Please Scan  Last Lecture Concepts in Psychology  Self and self concept  Personality  Individual differences  Emotion  Intelligence  Motivation  Conflict  Frustration  Depression  Anxiety  Defens...

Psychology Lecture: 3 Intelligence 1&2 By Dr. Fatma Elzaher Please Scan  Last Lecture Concepts in Psychology  Self and self concept  Personality  Individual differences  Emotion  Intelligence  Motivation  Conflict  Frustration  Depression  Anxiety  Defense mechanisms  Individual differences Individual differences “the more-or-less enduring psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another and thus help to define each person's individuality”.  Intelligence Intelligence is often defined as our intellectual potential; something we are born with, something that can be measured, and a capacity that is difficult to change.  Historical Perspective on Individual Differences and Human Abilities  Studies of human abilities were not undertaken until third quarter of the nineteenth century. Francis Galton devoted increasing attention toward measurement of anthropological and psychological phenomena.  He coined the term mental test and invented the first psychological test methods to measure intelligence and ability.  Though his tests bear no resemblance to the advanced psychological tests, he definitely deserves to be credited with the title of Father of psychological testing and individual differences. Historical Perspective on Individual Differences and Human Abilities  Alfred Binet’s early work on human abilities resembled the work of Galton.  Binet’s work on intelligence testing took a practical turn during the opening years of the twentieth century, when he was commissioned by the French government to identify mentally deficient children in French schools. What is Intelligence? Intelligence is something abstract. Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. David Wechsler (1939): defined intelligence as “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”.  Intelligence is then:  Ability to understand  Ability to learn.  Ability to act purposefully  Ability to think rationally/ abstractly.  Ability to adjust.  Intelligence is how we perceive and judge others (person/ material)  Intelligence is how well we see and understand ourselves (our learning, understanding capacities) IQ, or intelligence quotient  Concept of I Q The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early 20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern.  Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance.  Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess.  Intelligence Quotient or IQ  The intelligence quotient is the ration between mental age and chronological age  Mental Age :the age level up to which the child is able to perform ( measured through intelligence test ).  Chronological Age : the time elapsed since birth.  IQ= MA/ CA *100  Example: If a child of 12 years performs better than his age level other children he will score more and will be said bright child. Primary Mental Abilities  Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887–1955) focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a single, general ability. These include:  Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall  Numerical ability: The ability to solve mathematical problems  Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects  Reasoning: The ability to find rules  Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships  Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words  Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly  Intelligence Types Thorndike has classified three types of intelligence  Social intelligence: "the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys and girls – to act wisely in human relations”.  Concrete intelligence : as mechanical intelligence. It is the intelligence that has the relation with concrete materials.  Abstract intelligence: "the ability to understand and manage ideas and symbols, such as words, numbers, chemical or physical formulae, legal decisions, scientific law and principles, and the like." Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences  The concept of multiple intelligences is a theory proposed by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner.  When you hear the word intelligence, the concept of IQ testing may immediately come to mind.  Drawing on these criteria, Gardner initially identified seven intelligences.  However, in the mid-1990’s, Gardner concluded that an eighth intelligence.  Gardner’s Eight Intelligences. Intelligences Description Linguistic An ability to analyze information and create products involving oral and written language such as speeches, books, and memos. Logical An ability to develop equations and proofs, Mathematical make calculations, and solve abstract problems. Spatial An ability to recognize and manipulate large-scale and fine-grained spatial images. Musical An ability to produce, remember, and make meaning of different patterns of sound.  Gardner’s Eight Intelligences. Intelligences Description Naturalist An ability to identify and distinguish among different types of plants, animals, and weather formations that are found in the natural world. Bodily-Kinesthetic An ability to use one’s own body to create products or solve problems. Interpersonal An ability to recognize and understand other people’s moods, desires, motivations, and intentions Intrapersonal An ability to recognize and understand his or her own moods, desires, motivations, and intentions  Next Lecture will discuss Introduction to personality Regards Dr. Fatma Elzaher