Week 4 - DSM-5 and Therapy PDF

Overview Tests Intelligence Tests Inventories Biological Measures DSM-5 Information Controversies Therapy Rapprochement Movement Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Tests For each of these items: Does it appear valid? Does it appear to require specific cultural kno...

Overview Tests Intelligence Tests Inventories Biological Measures DSM-5 Information Controversies Therapy Rapprochement Movement Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Tests For each of these items: Does it appear valid? Does it appear to require specific cultural knowledge?  Picture Absurdities What is wrong with this picture? Vocabulary What’s the difference between laziness and idleness? Pattern Analysis Which of these five is the least like the other four? Comprehension Which one of the five is least like the other four? Bear Snake Cow Dog Tiger Digit Span 19605387428632 Information How long does it take light to travel from the sun to the earth? Comprehension A man walks up to a woman at a party and hands her a drink. She takes it from him without a word. Why? Similarities Object Assembly Intelligence Tests Controversial because often culture-bound Intelligence Tests  Clinical Tests minimal validity, excellent validity, replicability replicability Projective Tests Inventories Biological Measures Intelligence Tests Inventories Client sees a series of items Client indicates which ones apply to them Clinician builds a picture of the traits and general functioning of client Personality Inventories Try to measure all of a person’s traits Myers-Briggs Type Indicator International Personality Item Pool ipip.ori.org Response Inventories Try to build a picture of one specific pattern of functioning Beck Depression Inventory Beck Anxiety Inventory Mood Disorder Questionnaire McLean Screening Inventory for Borderline Personality Disorder Family Conflict Scale  Clinical Tests minimal validity, excellent validity, replicability replicability Projective Tests Inventories Biological Measures Intelligence Tests Biological Measures Neuroimaging Takes pictures of brain to measure structure and/or functioning Psychophysiological Tests Measure bodily reactions outside of the brain Neuroimaging EEG (electroencephalogram) Detects patterns of electricity on scalp Excellent precision for timing, poor precision for location of brain activity Neuroimaging MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Detects brain structure through blood flow Excellent precision for location, poor precision for timing of brain activity Psychophysiological Tests Galvanic Skin Response How tight and sweaty the surface of the skin is Used to detect level of arousal (emotional intensity) Psychophysiological Tests Polygraph (lie detector) Test Measures heart rate, muscle tension, perspiration, and breathing Excellent for detecting level of arousal (emotional intensity) Psychophysiological Tests Polygraph (lie detector) Test Terrible at detecting lies 10% - 25% of true statements classified as lies Extremely influenced by participant mood Psychophysiological Tests Polygraph (lie detector) Test Relatively easy to fool with training No longer permitted in court as evidence DSM-5 DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association, 5th Edition Designed to be “dictionary” for therapists DSM-5 Offers three types of information Categorical Information Dimensional Information Additional Information Categorical Information Type of disorder client is exhibiting Anxiety Disorders Personality Disorders Eating Disorders Substance Use Disorders etc. Dimensional Information Rating of overall level of functioning and adjustment Success in having job or hobbies Number of positive close relationships Self-image Risk of physical health effects (e.g. self-injury) etc. Additional Information Information that provides context for a diagnosis, or helps rule out diagnoses History of grief or loss Number of children or other dependents Family history of mental illness Physical health problems etc. DSM-5 Development 160 mental health professionals revised DSM-IV Strove to eliminate unneeded diagnoses and simplify, streamline DSM DSM-5 Development DSM-I: 128 diagnoses DSM-II: 193 diagnoses DSM-III: 228 diagnoses DSM-IV: 383 diagnoses DSM-5: 541 diagnoses DSM-5 Controversies DSM-5 Controversies 69% of contributing authors received funding from drug companies for research Some diagnoses included largely for insurance purposes Ex: gender dysphoria DSM-5 Controversies Labeling effect Labels of mental illness influence how others see client, how client sees themself Can be positive “I’m not lazy; I have OCD.” “I connect well with other Autistic folks.” DSM-5 Controversies Labeling effect Can be negative Other people see everything through lens of diagnosis Applies to clinicians as well as ordinary people Therapy Therapy Outcomes No Change Worsened Improved Rapprochement Movement Tries to find most effective facets of therapy Rapprochement Movement Findings There’s no such thing as a “best” model Some therapists are better than others Rapprochement Movement Findings Effective therapy involves Giving clients feedback Helping clients focus on changing own lives Paying close attention to how to interact with client Giving client sense of self-control Rapport