Unit 5 Summary: The Almohad Caliphate PDF

Lecture 11, Unit 5: The Almohad Caliphate ========================================= - Almoravids came because they were called Andalusi lost their autonomy - Now the Andalusi were ruled by a Berber dynasty - Anti-Berber feeling because the Andalusi felt superior - So: They gained str...

Lecture 11, Unit 5: The Almohad Caliphate ========================================= - Almoravids came because they were called Andalusi lost their autonomy - Now the Andalusi were ruled by a Berber dynasty - Anti-Berber feeling because the Andalusi felt superior - So: They gained strength against the Christians but also lost self-governance - In the 1140s Almoravids and were replaced by the Almohad The Almohads - Were a religious movement - Almoravids acknowledged the Abbasid caliphate, the Almohads didn't - Almohad Caliphate: 1121-1269 - Al-Miwahhidun: "those who profess the unity of God" - The Almohads are not a different religious faith, but they are special kind of Muslims: - Everything was corrupt - Islam was corrupt - They were seeking to bring back the original faith at the time of the prophet aimed at restoring the original purity (re-foundation of Islam) - Emphasize the notion of unity radical monotheistic approach - Almohads wiped out the Almoravids in North Africa and al-Andalus (or what was left) Seville - Almohads ruled until 1230s centred in Seville (only for al-Andalus), **capital city was Marrakesh** (where also the Caliph was) - Al-Shaqundi: "I put Ishbilya, or rather God put it, as the mother of all its cities, the centre of its largest town and its major urban hub." - Cordoba declined with the fall of the Umayyads - Urbanistic reform in Seville (look at the Slide: Seville, Almohad capital-city) - Catedral of Seville is in the Spot of the Almohad Mosque and stayed until the 15^th^ century - When was Seville taken by the Christians? 1248 King Ferdinand the III. (King of Castile and León) - Tower was used for the call for prayer Christians transformed it into a Church - Romans didn't build a bridge in Seville - Between the 10 and 19^th^ century Seville had the Almohad bridge (Puente de Barcas) The Almohad Decline - Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (Battle of Al-Uqab in Arabic sources), marked on July 16^th^, 1212, the decline of the Almohads - Catholics forces of King Alonso VIII of Castille, joined with Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II and Alfonso II of Portugal defeated the Almohad Caliph al-Nasir near Jaén this defeat marked the decline in Iberia and Maghreb a decade later. - Christian Expansion in the 13^th^ century until Faro, and the Kings of Aragon took over the Balearic Islands - Muslims lost most of their Lands in the 13^th^ century (west, east and centre) also because Christians were coordinating their attacks and agreements of conquests - 4 Kingdoms on the Iberian-Peninsula: Kingdom of Portugal, Crown of Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, and the Crown of Aragon. The last standing point of the Emirate was Granada (not kingdom because they were not kings) - Lobera King Fernandos Sword Cathedral of Seville (Manuscript held at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela) Dates of cities (The Christian Conquest is called "The Great Leap Forward" = really important to know) - Badajoz -- 1230 - Battle: Las Navas de Tolosa -- 1212 - Cordoba -- 1236 - Seville -1248 - Niebla - 1262 - Jerez - 1267 - Murcia -- 1243/62 - Tarifa -- 1292 - Faro -- 1249 - Malaga -- 1487 - Granada -- 1492 - Almeria -- 1489 Overview - Aragon took: Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, and Ibiza), Valencia - León: Extremadura (Cáceres, Mérida, Badajoz) - Portugal: Algarve - Castile & Leon: Western Andalusia (Cordoba, Jaén, Seville, Niebla, Jerez) and Murcia - In 63 years (1229-1292) the Christians took over 150k km2 Which equals 27% of the Iberian territory The Fate of the Muslims - Ibn Idari: describes how Ibn Mahfuz made an agreement with the Christians to pay them an amount of money each year. He did not always pay it every year and often proclaimed jihad until the Christians put him down in 1262. Ibn Khaldun on the 13^th^-century Exodus (jala) of the Muslims - Nasrids = last Muslim dynasty in Iberia Lecture 12: The Nasrid Dynasty - Origin ======================================= Slide: The Nasrid Emirate: The Origins - Consolidation of the "Kingdom" of Granada: Malaga, Almería and Granada - Strait of Gibraltar was really important for the Christians as from there the Muslims got their reinforcement: Tarifa (1292) and Algeciras (1344) however the Nasrid endured until 1340s because.... interfered. However also after that the Nasrid remained for more than one century - Granada surrendered in 1492 - Nasrids ruled only in Iberia NOT Northern Africa, however they had some exchange with a third Berber dynasty (Marinid Dynasty \[1260-1340\]) and military support (but did not actually rule in al-Andalus) - Almoravids, Almohads (both set direct foot in al-Andalus) and the Marinid dynasty supported the Muslims forces in al-Andalus - In scholarly tradition: Nasrid were NOT in the period of decline of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula because they remained in power for more than two-centuries (which is a long period) - 1262 when Niebla fell to the Christian King Alfonso X - Until the late 16^th^ century there was a large number of Muslims under Christian rule in Iberia so called Mudéjar - Many of them converted and learned Latin languages (not as many as Christians did under Muslim rule) - Just like the Christians living under Muslim rule, same happened to the Muslim influenced by Castilian or Catalan culture - Nasrid Dynasty Consolidated in Granada after the Almohads - Founder of the Nasrid **Emirate is Yusuf ibn Nasr**, who proclaimed in **Arjona (Jaén)** in 1232 - In 1238 he moved to Granada ruled until 1273 - The title and regnal name of Laqab of al-Galiv bin-llah, which means "the victorious by god," he was also known **as Ibn al-Ahmar (son of the red**) - Claimed direct descent from Sa´d ibn Ubada, leader of the **Banu Khazraj tribe** on one of the companions (sahba) of the Prophet Muhammad - Between the 13^th^ (1230s) and late 15^th^ century - King Ferdinand gained the Kingdom of Jaén with an agreement which allowed Muhammad I. to establish his power in Granada (approx.. 30.000 km2 = 5% of Iberia) - 1479-1504 - Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castille - Strategic Union two crowns remained together - Carles V. grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand The Nasrid: Historical Evolution - Sharp contrast between limited territorial extension and resistance to Christian conquest (only 5% of Iberia) - Two and a half centuries and 23 Emirs rules in Granda between 1232 until 1492 - Muhammad XII surrendered in 1492 in Granada to the Catholic monarch End of Islamic rule in Iberia but **NOT the end of Muslims in Iberia** Unique points (very important) 1. Internal and external: political and diplomatic ability of the rulers to form alliances 2. The help provided by Marinid Berbers until 1340 3. And Castile´s faced a period of political and social turmoil which prevented them from taking the remaining Muslim territory The Marinid Dynasty (1269-1465) - Fought the Almohads for supremacy over Western Maghreb from the 1210s - Since 1244 installed in Fez and controlled Eastern and Northern Morocco, the Almohads reduced to Southerly districts around their capital Marrakech - In 1269 they took Marrakech End of the Almohad Caliphate - Marinid ruler took the title of "amir al-Muslim," which means the "Prince of the Muslims" -- used by the Almoravid rulers Marinids never claimed the Caliphate amir al-mu'min in The Marinids in al-Andalus: 1264-1340 - 1272, Nasrid ruler Muhammad I of Granada asked for help from the Marinid ruler his son (Muhammad II) repeated this request they gave the Marinids Tarifa, Algeciras and Ronda - In 1275 the Mardini emir took the request and crossed the straits took the cities and confirmed the pact - 1333 the Marinid emir took over Gibraltar, 1339 fiasco in the battle of Rio Salado to take Tarifa (Battle of Tarifa on 30. October 1340s) Castilian and Portuguese forces defeated them and never again a Muslim army was able to cross the Strait to fight in Iberia Checkmate: The War of Granada (1482-1492) - Malaga -- 1487 - Almeria -- 1491 - Granada -- 1492 - This was the end of the Muslim power in al-Andalus BUT NOT the end of the Muslim presence - Mudéjar = Muslims living under Christian Rule - These Muslims were allowed to remain Muslims - When Granada was taken over it was a capitulation agreement - "Boabdil" = name of the Emir in the Christian sources. - He was allowed to remain with his family but soon left al-Andalus to Northern Africa to follow the footstep of previous rulers of al-Andalus to Fez (very old Islamic city, today Morocco) - Still a lot of Muslims living in: Valencia, Majorca, Barcelona (capital of Aragon), but there were also Muslim expulsion a lot of places. - Some Arbab authors like M. Jarmouni, Ibn Khaldun, speak of the Exodus of the Muslim because they were expelled - The "Exodus" describes a large migration movement - Ibn Khaldun well known author: Muqaddima introduction into the great history about the Muslims and theoretical evolution of humas (forerunner of social sciences) - Ibn Kahldun was member of the Arab aristocracy in Sevilla (look this up) - Starting from the 13^th^ century many Muslims did not flee to other cities in al-Andalus but to Morocco - Originally they said that Muslim should live under Muslims it's no good to remain under infield rule) approach of the Ulamas (people that see the world through religious believes) - For most of the people, migration was not an option (if they were not expelled ofc) and these are the Mudejars - In the east of Mediterranean, the new Ottoman Empire rose Surrender of Granada - War began in 1482 with Christian forced capturing Alhama de Granada (Feb. 1482) 10-year grind war - A civil war over the throne of Granada engaged: Abu-I-Hasan Ali (ruler) was forced out by his son Muhammad XII. Then civil war between their supporters. Abu-I-Hasan Ali moved to Malaga - In 1483 Muhammad XII was captured by the Christians, but released after he promised loyalty to Ferdinand and Isabella - By 1491 the Treaty of Granda (25.11.1492) the capitulation was signed, Muhammad XII also known as Boabdil gave up on complete control of Granada (02.01.1492) - Legend says that Boabdil cried on pass of the Moor´s Sigh, as he had a last look on Granada Boabdil: Muhammad XII - Known in Castile sources as "Boabdil" seized the throne of his father Muley Hacen and for a time fought for power with him and his uncle known as El Zagal - When he surrendered it was agreed that he moves to the "Alpujarras region" and moved to Laujar de Andarax where he set up his home. In 1493 he sold his rights to rule Alpujaaras to the Catholic Monarchs and gathered his ancestors remains from Mondújar near Talará (Next to Granada) and left Iberia moved to Fez in North Africa and lived until his death The Fate of the Muslims from Mudéjars to Moriscos - The termination of the Nasrid rule ended the 800-year rule in al-Andalus BUT large number of Muslims stayed in Iberia until the early 17^th^ century - Since the fall of Toledo in 1085, a large Muslim community remained in place, keeping their religious legal status as minorities - Efforts to convert them to Catholicism - This diversity lasted for almost 4 centuries until late 15^th^ century - In the time from 1492-1526 religious minorities in all of Iberian kingdoms had to choose between conversion or expulsion end of diversity and Catholicism as the new single legal religious faith Cuius regio, eius religio \[the leader chooses the faith of the peasants\] The Fate of the Muslims from Mudéjars to Moriscos II - Mudéjar (Mudaijan) means Muslims (tamed in Arabic) and describes Muslims subjected to Christian rule - The term came from domesticated animals - Another term is also ahl al-dajin (people who stay on) was used by Muslim writers e.g. the North African Maliki Jurist of the Maliki school al-Wansharisi in his fatwá about the Muslims from Marbella - Mudéjar is also the name for a typical medieval Iberian architecture style. Mudéjar Architecture - Alcázar of Seville - Pedro I´s Palace - "Glory to our Lord King Don Pedro" - Other Mudéjar buildings: Seville Omnium Sanctorum Church or Seville Saint Marks Church Living under Infidel Rule in Islamic Doctrine - The author A. Verskin writes about the legal opinion (fatwa) by al-Wanshirisi (1508) - Text regards Muslims living in areas under non-Muslim rule especially a Muslim from Marbella - Prohibition of Residence in a non-Muslim Land - Migration as a religious Duty - Dependence on non-Muslims - No exceptions for staying - Call to action - Everything by Al-Wansharisi Breakup of the Capitulation Agreements - Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1436-1517) - Appointed confessor of Isabella and 1495 appointed Archbishop of Toledo - Arrived 1499 in Granada disliked the conversion of Muslims - Treatments of elches former Christians who had converted to Islams according to the treatment of Granada these people couldn't be forced to convert back to Christianity, however the treaty did allow them to be questioned by Christian clerics, as long as Muslims religious leaders were present this loophole allowed him to imprison those who refused to Christianity - Ordered the burning of all Arabic book that could be found in Granada (5.000 books is the lowest figure) - Cisneros decisions provoked the "Rebellion of the Alpujarras," which was a series of uprisings by the Muslim population beginning in 1499 in Granda The capitulation - Ordered the burning of the Islamic books Muslims rebelled, so they lost their right - In a matter of 32 years religious diversity ended - Jews were the first that had to convert after the taking of Granada - Previously also the kingdom of Portugal was introducing forced to convert (Jews) - It was not only the process - Things in the 13^th^ century changes because until the power's changes - It's hard to make people behave and make them real Catholics easy to sprinkle holy water on them, but hard to control them - The Christian rulers thought that little by little the Muslims would convert (did not happened) End of Religious Diversity in Iberia - 1492 Crowns of Castille and Aragon targeted Jews - 1496 Kingdom of Portugal targeted Jews - 1497 Kingdom of Portugal targeted Mudejars - 1498 Kingdom of Navarre targeted Jews - 1501 Old Emirate of Granada Mudejars - 1502 Crown of Castille Mudejars - 1515-1516 Kingdom of Navarre Mudejars - 1525-26 Crown of Aragon Mudejars The House of Habsburg: Carles V (1516-1556) - Charles V large expansion From Mudéjars to Moriscos (16-17^th^ century) - Forced Baptism of Moriscos - Cathedral of Granda - Royal Chapel, Altarpiece (1520-22) - Philipp Bigarny (1475-1523) The Plight of the Moriscos (ehemalige Muslime die zum Christentum konvertierten) - In 1499 Cisneros (Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain) accompanied the Spanish Inquisition to Granda, and interfered with Archbishop of Talavera´s efforts of converting the Muslims peaceful - Talavera wanted a slow a conversion by trusting the religion - Cisneros said that was "giving pearls to pigs" and proceeded with forced mass conversion - Rebellion of Alpujarras (1499-1501) was a series of uprising by the Muslims population to respond the forced conversion violation of the 1491 signed treaty - In the city the revolt declined but it was followed by more serious revolt in the Mountains of Alpujarra - The catholic rulers used the revolts as a justification to abolish the Treaty of Granada all Muslims were required to convert or to be expelled in 1502 these forced conversions applied to all Muslims in the rest of Castile The Alpujarras War (1568-1571) - Mountains in Provence of Granada/Almeria - Took place in the highlands on the southern slopes of Sierra Nevada, between Granada city and the Mediterranean coast - Convinced Moriscos kept secretly their customs and traditions - In 1565 the Archbishop of Granada called a synod of the Bishops of the Kingdom of Granada where they agreed that persuasion should be replaced with repression prohibition of language, clothing, public baths, religious ceremonies etc. - Furthermore, in every place where Moriscos lived a dozen of "Old Christians" should be installed and Morisco houses should be inspected on Fridays, Saturdays, and feast-day to see if they are practicing - King Philip II. Gave his approval to this policy result was the **Pragmatica** of January 1, 1567 - At the head of the Morisco uprising was nobleman Hernando de Cordoba y Valór who claimed direct descent form the Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba taking the name "Abé Humeya (or Omeya)" - 1570: King Philipp relieved the Marqués of Mondéjar of his command and appointed in his place his own half-brothers Don Juan de Austria to take over all command in 1571 finally succeeded in suppressing the Morisco rebellion in the Alpujarra - When the Rebellion began the population of kingdom Granda neared 150.000 inhabitants (most of them Moriscos) After the end of the war the survivors 80.000 were expelled from November 1, 1570, to other places in the Crown of Castile, especially Western Andalusia Expelling the Moriscos (1609-1614) - The Alpujarras War (1568-1571) -- The Plight of the Moriscos (Muslims but the one who were forced to become Christians, name given after conversion) - Alpujarras = territory in the mountains across the Province of Granada and Almería - Spanish Tercios declined them -- Tercios were Spanish military As a punishment and result of the war they were moved around Iberia - Moriscos were then forced to abolish: speaking Arabic, live their tradition and everything else that is not Christian - Many Muslims were expelled but not necessarily out of Iberia -- just distributed on the Iberian Peninsula - Philipp II didn't want to expel the Muslim/Morisco population however his heir and son Philipp III finally expelled the Muslims and Moriscos in 1609 ALTHOUGH they were officially Christian - Some people were against that, but the hardliners succeeded - After the war of the Alpujarras (1568-1571) the Moriscos represented "a serious problem" that could jeopardize the Hispanic Monarchy - More than a century after their conversion the majority of Moriscos remained a socially separate group even though most of them had lost the Arabic language - Valencia was an exception - Berber pirates often provided help from Africa at the Mediterranean coast - Moriscos were seen as a threat due to the rising of the Ottoman empire as they could collaborate Expelling the Moriscos (1609-1614) We know quite well how, when and from where the Moriscos were expelled - A total of 270.140 - Highly effective operation - Moriscos were officially faithful catholic - **Using Arabic is not Islamic** -- because as Kimmech mentioned that a lot of Christians were speaking Arabic - Officially they expelled Catholics and therefore the expulsion was controversial - Francisco Nunez Muley -- prominent member of the Moriscos of Granada, and author who tried to stand up for the rights of the Moriscos -- "we want to live as catholic but use our language." Mentioned the case of Malta as an Example. - End of al-Andalus, end of the Muslims presence? - Jews were expelled first they were afraid - First inquisition in Granada = is for the Christians Until 1501 Muslims were allowed to be Muslims and life their tradition was the job of Hernando... first bishop of Granada. Jews however were expelled immediately. - Moriscos expelled under Philip III (1578-1621) - Valencia 117.000 - Aragon 60.000 - Cataluna 4.000 - Castile and Extremeadura 44.000 - Murcia 14.000 - Western Andalusia 30.000 - Granada 2.000 (Source is Henri Lapeyre. Total 270.000) Lapeyre recognizes that these figures are incomplete regarding Murcia and Andalucia. Other historians such as A. Dominguze-Ortitz increased the figures to 300.000 as did H. Hamen out of a total population of 320.000