The Almohad Caliphate and Its Decline

The Islamic dynasty that replaced the Almoravids in al-Andalus and North Africa, emphasizing a radical monotheistic approach.

The Almohad Caliphate was a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled from 1121 to 1269.

The Almohads were a religious movement that sought to purify and restore the original teachings of Islam.

Capital city of the Almohad Caliphate.

The former Almohad mosque, later converted into Seville's Cathedral.

A bridge built by the Almohads over the Guadalquivir River in Seville, which stood from the 10th to the 19th centuries.

This decisive battle marked the decline of the Almohad Caliphate.

Known as Al-Nasir, this Almohad Caliph oversaw a period of expansion and cultural flourishing but was ultimately responsible for the empire's downfall.

The period between the 13th and late 15th century in Iberia, marked by the presence of a large Muslim population living under Christian rule.

The title and regnal name of Yusuf ibn Nasr, founder of the Nasrid Emirate, meaning 'the victorious by god'.

The founder of the Nasrid Emirate, who proclaimed his rule in Arjona (Jaén) in 1232.

The Nasrid Emirate was established in 1232, following the decline of the Almohad Dynasty.

The Nasrids had limited territorial control, but they resisted Christian conquest for over two centuries, despite their small territory.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, symbolizing the union of two powerful kingdoms, contributed to the decline of the Nasrid Emirate.

The final Nasrid ruler, Muhammad XII, surrendered Granada to the Catholic monarchs in 1492, marking the end of Islamic rule in Iberia.

The Nasrids were known for their cultural achievements, particularly in architecture and literature, during their rule in Granada.

Marinid rulers maintained control over Eastern and Northern Morocco from their base in Fez. These rulers aimed to conquer and dominate the area controlled by the Almohads, eventually conquering Marrakech and ending the Almohad Caliphate.

The Marinid ruler took the title of "amir al-Muslim" meaning "Prince of the Muslims." While influenced by the Almoravids who used this title, the Marinids never claimed the Caliphate title, "amir al-mu'min."

The Marinids controlled al-Andalus (the Iberian peninsula) between 1264 and 1340. They aided the Nasrids (Muslim rulers of Granada) against the Christian Kingdoms.

The Marinid ruler, Muhammad II, provided military aid to the Nasrid ruler Muhammad I of Granada. This aid secured the cities of Tarifa, Algeciras, and Ronda for the Marinids.

The Marinid emir's successful campaign in 1333 resulted in the capture of Gibraltar. However, their disastrous encounter in the battle of Rio Salado (1340) led to a decisive defeat against Castilian and Portuguese forces.

The final conquest of Granada in 1492 signaled the end of the Muslim rule in al-Andalus. However, the remaining Muslim population, known as "Mudéjar," continued to live under Christian rule.

Boabdil was the last Emir of Granada and surrendered the city to the Christians. Allowed to leave, he traveled to North Africa and settled in Fez.

While the final fall of Granada was crucial, it didn't mark the end of Muslim presence in Iberia. Cities like Valencia, Majorca, and Barcelona continued to have Muslim communities.

A significant migration of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula to North Africa, primarily to Morocco.

The surrender of the last Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, Granada, to the Christian monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.

The last ruler of the Nasrid Emirate of Granada, who surrendered the city to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.

The prominent Muslim scholar who wrote 'Muqaddima,' a foundational work exploring the rise and fall of civilizations, with implications for social sciences.

Muslims who stayed in the Iberian Peninsula under Christian rule after the Reconquista, choosing to remain rather than migrating.

This term is often used to describe the beautiful blend of Islamic and Christian architectural styles that are common in many Spanish buildings.

Describes the Islamic legal doctrine concerning the fate of Muslims living under non-Muslim rule.

The process of forcing religious minorities to convert to Christianity in 15th and 16th century Spain. This resulted in the end of religious diversity and the establishment of Catholicism as the new dominant religion.

This refers to the period of transition and change in Spain, where Muslims adapted their way of life and religious practices while living under Christian rule.

The forced Christian conversion of Muslims in Spain, particularly after the Reconquista.

A rebellion by Moriscos in the Alpujarras region of Spain, sparking intense conflict in the late 16th century.

A document issued in 1567 by King Philip II of Spain, aimed at restricting the rights and practices of Moriscos.

The expulsion of Moriscos from Spain in 1609-1614, driven by fears they were not truly converted to Christianity.

A Spanish military unit, known for its effectiveness but also for its refusal to tolerate Moriscos' beliefs and practices.

The language spoken by Moriscos, often a mix of Arabic and Spanish, banned after their conversion.

The Ottoman Empire, a major power in the Mediterranean, influenced the Spanish monarchs' views on the Moriscos as a potential threat.

A prominent Morisco leader and author who defended the rights of Moriscos and argued they could be loyal Christians.

A region in Spain, particularly the eastern region, where Moriscos faced less persecution, possibly due to a less strict implementation of the Pragmatica.

A term used to refer to someone who was converted but did not fully embrace their new religion, often used to describe Moriscos.