The Emergence of Islam (AP World History) PDF

Summary

This document provides an overview of the emergence of Islam, covering its origins, key figures like Muhammad, and the initial spread of the religion across Arabia. It analyzes the theological and historical context of the period.

Full Transcript

Notebook Page 2 The Emergence of Islam AP World History: Modern – Period 1 Islam Emerges in Arabia Islam is a theological system that emerged from the writings of Muhammad—an Arab religious, social, and political leader; the religion itself combines several features of Arab paganism, Zo...

Notebook Page 2 The Emergence of Islam AP World History: Modern – Period 1 Islam Emerges in Arabia Islam is a theological system that emerged from the writings of Muhammad—an Arab religious, social, and political leader; the religion itself combines several features of Arab paganism, Zoroastrianism, and Judeo-Christian beliefs According to Islamic doctrine, Muhammad was the last prophet and messenger of Allah (the Arabic word for ‘God’), from whom Muhammad received a divine revelation through an angel around 613 CE These revelations are recorded in the central religious text of Islam: the Quran, and adherents to Islam, regardless of race, are referred to as Muslims Islam itself is monotheistic in nature, and largely aims to convert infidels (non-believers), as well as usher in several social, political, and economic policy reforms (considered a response to contemporary issues at the time) The doctrine of Islam establishes a belief-based entity [a sort of theological state] of believers referred to as the ummah (community of believers) Muslims were to adhere to the religious laws of Islam—such as the Five Pillars (see next slide)— and to upload the integrity, and expansion of, the ummah through whatever means necessary Islam in the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad began to preach his teachings in 613 CE, emphasizing the complete submission of people to the ‘One God’ Allah, and conversion to Islam While his followers were few in number, he attempted to spread his teachings in the primary regional Arab city of Mecca, only to be chased out by Meccan polytheists Withdrawing to Medina, he converted several Arab tribes and rallied their support against Mecca; in 629 CE, he captured the city and continued conquest and conversion into the greater Arabian Peninsula By the time of Muhammed’s death in 631 CE, nearly the entirety of the Arabian Peninsula, and its previously-disunited tribes, had been converted and organized into what would be later known as the Rashidun Caliphate Among the monotheistic beliefs that were influenced by Zoroastrian and Judeo- Christian beliefs, Islam would continue the legacy of Arab paganism through its emphasis on the Hajj: a lifetime pilgrimage to the Kaaba (a sacred building in Mecca) The Rashidun Caliphate Following the death of Muhammad, the Muslims would be led by a caliph —a civil and religious leader who determined state and religious policy The period of the first four caliphs that ruled in succession following Muhammad were known as the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE)—a period of rapid Arab expansion into Persia, the Levant, the Caucasus Region, eastern Anatolia, and parts of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa The Rashidun Caliphate established several Muslim precedents, most notably their treatment of non-Muslim monotheists (Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians) Known as dhimmis (the protected people), they were generally protected by the Muslim state, but were treated as second-class citizens with political, economic, and military restrictions One of the economic restrictions imposed on dhimmis was the jizya tax—a substantial tax payable to the Rashidun Caliphate that could be avoided upon conversion to Islam Such policies would be lasting characteristics of future Muslim states—even when Arabs lost their primacy a few centuries later to the Persians, Mamluks, Mongols, and Turks

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