Growth and Development of Agriculture PDF

Growth and Development of Agriculture Prepared by: ANGEL ROSE C. TAMAYO Course Facilitator Agric 41  9/29/2024 WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?  comes from the Latin word “agricultura”.  “Ager” which means field and “Cultura” means cultivation  g...

Growth and Development of Agriculture Prepared by: ANGEL ROSE C. TAMAYO Course Facilitator Agric 41  9/29/2024 WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?  comes from the Latin word “agricultura”.  “Ager” which means field and “Cultura” means cultivation  growing of crops and animals for human needs  Science, art, and industry of managing the growth of plants and animals for human use  Art and science of raising plants and animals.  Mother of all industries  FARMERS are the backbone of our nation!  9/29/2024 Overview of Agricultural Production in the Philippines  Philippines is a tropical.  Most of the Filipino farmers are subsistence farmers. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS DEPENDENT on the following:  Educational training  Income of the farmers  Major constraints in Agricultural Production  Traditions and beliefs  Climate  9/29/2024 Other ASEAN countries outperform the Philippines in agriculture: * Lowest annual growth in agriculture & in exports * Declining productivity for major & key export crops * Lags behind in technological change  9/29/2024 Two Branches of Agriculture: 1. Crop Production - is the cultivation of crops that are utilized by any purposes, or simply the management of useful plants 2. Animal production –is the raising of animals for human use.  9/29/2024 CROP PRODUCTION is divided into two disciplines: 1. Agronomy- is the science which deals with field crop production and management. -it is derived from Latin words Agros (field) and nomos (to manage). 2. Horticulture- derived from Latin words hortos (garden) and cultura (cultivation) a. pomology- the study of fruits b. Olericulture- the study of vegetables c. Floriculture- study of flowers d. Nursery Management and Landscape Gardening  9/29/2024 QUESTION??????  9/29/2024 Classification of Crop Plants: 1. Botanical classification *Naming of plants a. common name b. local name c. Scientific name *Grouping of plants a.Kingdom b. Phylum c. Subdivision d. Class e. Subclass f. Order g. Family h. Genus I. Species Example: 9/29/2024 a. common name- Corn b. local name- Maize c. Scientific name- Zea mays L. *Grouping of plants a. Kingdom- Plantae b. Phylum- Magnoliophyta c. Subdivision d. Class- Liliopsida e. Subclass- Commelinidae f. Order- Cyperalis g. Family- Poaceae h. Genus- Zea I. Species- Z.mays  9/29/2024 2. Descriptive Classification a. growth habit (upright, creeping) b. structure and form (contribution of stem ) c. leaf retention (shedding of leaves) d. Climatic adoption e. Usefulness 3. Agriculture Classification a. Agronomic b. Horticulture c. Weeds  9/29/2024 Agronomic Classification 1. Cereals or grain crops –corn, rice, 2. Legumes seed crops –cowpeas, beans, peanut, peas 3. Root and tuber crops –cassava, gabi, ubi, Irish potato, camote, singkamas 4. Sugar crops – sugarcane, sugar beets 5. Oil and beverage crops –castor plant, coconut, cacao, coffee, tea 6. Fiber crops- abaca, cotton, kenaf, kapok, maguey, pineapple 7. Rubber crop 8. Pasture and forage crop- guinea grass, napier grass, carabao grass 9. Medicinal plant –luya, lagundi  9/29/2024 Horticultural classification 1. Vegetable crops –lettuce, kangkong, cabbage, carrot, eggplant, tomato 2. Fruit crop –avocado, atis 3. Ornamental crop – chrysanthemum, begonia, gladiolus  9/29/2024 Weeds 1. Grasses – usually upright, cylindrical, with alternating leaves anchored to the soil by roots. They have leaves with blades that narrow into sheath, a stem (culm), a color region (where leaves attach to the stem). Example: bermuda grass, cogon grass, napier grass, lawngrass  9/29/2024 Weeds  2.Sedges- are annual or mostly perennial grass-like plants with aerial flower-bearing stems.  Example: rice flat sedges  9/29/2024 Weeds 3. Broadleaf- Can grow a single flower or clusters of blossoms. Their fibrous roots can be a single large taproot, a system of thin roots, or booth. Some grow upright and some are close to the ground while some stems are round and some are square. Example: dayflower, common purselane  9/29/2024 The farmer as an agronomist – expert in crop production (plant scientist) The farmer as an administrator – owner of farm The farmer as a manager The farmer as a trader The farmer as a progressive individual  9/29/2024 Animal Production ANIMAL DOMESTICATION  Domesticate – getting animals to adapt to what we like them to do.  BENEFITS derive from domestication:  Transport  Draft  Food  Wool, hides, dung, etc. 9/29/2024  9/29/2024 Characteristics of animals good for domestication:  Hardy; flexible, generalist feeding habits, easily adjusting to new condition of disease, temperature and confinement  They grow and mature quickly, making them efficient to farm.  They breed easily in captivity and can undergo multiple periods of fertility in a single year.  They eat plant-based diets, which makes them inexpensive to feed.  9/29/2024 ANIMALS IN FARMING  Wherever agriculture is practiced in the world, there is likely to be some livestock farming ---- the breeding and raising of domesticated animals for meat, milk and hides or fleece  What are the most common farm animals? - cattle, carabao, sheep, goats, pigs(swine), horse and poultry (chicken, duck, geese, turkey, ostrich, quail)  9/29/2024 most of the farm animals are herbivores What are the uses of farm animals: -meat, milk, eggs, skins, fleece, provide power in agriculture, pleasure/entertainment. Cattle- the most valuable farm animals Pigs – are the mainstay of Subsistence Farmers. Goats and sheep – can survive in a wide range of conditions.  9/29/2024 Animal Husbandry Terms  Parturition– the act giving birth Specific terms:  a. calving – the act of giving birth in cows  b. farrowing – the act of giving birth in sows  c. kidding – act of giving birth in goats  d. foaling – act of giving birth in mares  e. Lambing – act of giving birth in ewes  9/29/2024 2. Gestation – pregnancy; time from conception to birth 3. Conception – the act of fertilization 4. Dam – female parent 5. Sire – male parent 6. Fertility FEMALE – ability to produce fertilizer ova and to provide proper environment for and initiating cell division and embryonic development MALE – ability to produce large number of sperm capable of fertilization  9/29/2024 7. Fecundity ( or Prolificacy) – ability to give birth offspring frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals. 8. Sterility – inability to produce normal young 9. Impotency – failure to copulate 10. Puberty – sexual maturity, as exhibit by first heat or ovulation 11. Weanling – young animal, after separation from its dam. 12. Weaning – the process of separating the young from its dam.  9/29/2024 F. Meat and Meat Products: 1. Meat of different animals: a. beef – ox, 1 year or over b. veal – ox, 1 year or less c. pork – pig d. Venison – deer e. Mutton – sheep, 1 year or over f. Lamb – sheep, 1 year or less g. Chevon – goat h. Horsemeat – horse i. carabeef – carabao beef, carabao veal j. Game meat – game animals ( wild, hunted)  9/29/2024 2. Meat – properly dressed flesh derived from animals mature and in good condition at time of slaughter 3. Slaughtering – fro fasting through stunning; bleeding up to skinning and evisceration. 4. Butchering – from splitting and quartering to cutting the carcass into the retail cuts.  Agriculture -known also as husbandry or farming, is the science of cultivating plants, animals, and other life forms for food, fiber, and fuel. -Agriculture industry includes enterprises engaged in: 1. Growing crops 2. Raising fish 3. Raising animals 4. Logging wood 5. Farms 6. Dairies 7. Hatcheries 8. Ranches A modern innovation in the agriculture industry is the Green Revolution, which began in the second half of the 20th century. This development is cited for saving people around the world from starvation through initiatives involving irrigation systems, production of high-yielding crops, and better management strategies.  Today farming professionals face the daunting challenge of keeping current with increasingly rapid changes in equipment technology and agricultural research. For instance, biotechnology is being applied to industrial livestock operations to provide healthier animals and improve breed development, resulting in more meat, eggs, and dairy products to meet consumer demands.  Despite all the advances made in the agriculture field, it still remains a hazardous industry. Fatalities and injuries due to machine operation as well as diseases and birth defects spawned by exposure to pesticides and fertilizers are among the work-related dangers faced by agricultural workers.  The agriculture industry employs a wide-ranging group of workers including farm laborers, veterinarians, scientists, salespeople, and soil managers. History of Philippine Agriculture On June 12, 1898, President Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing as one of the first agencies. The Department was headed by three directors, Jose Alejandrino (1898-1899), Graciano Gonzaga and Leon Ma. Guerrero, both during the latter part of 1899. During the administration of Secretary Rafael Alunan, Sr. (1928-1932), the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. The Bureau of Agriculture was split into two bureaus, the Plant Industry and the Animal Industry. The following year, the Fish and Game Administration and the Fiber Inspection Service were established under the leadership of Secretary Vicente Singson Encarnacion (1933-1934). From 1934-1938, Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. was appointed Secretary and was replaced by Secretary Benigno S. Aquino, Sr. until 1941. During Aquino’s term, the Fish and Game Administration was restructured and the Division of Soil Survey was created. After the Japanese liberalization on July 4, 1945, the government rebuilt the country and reconstituted the agencies including the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (DAC). With the resumption of the Commonwealth Government, President Sergio Osmeña reappointed Vicente Singson Encarnacion as Secretary of the DAC. Thereafter, Mariano Garchitorena (1946-1948) was appointed by President Manuel Roxas. During the early years of Martial Law, in May 1974, President Marcos reorganized and split the DANR into two agencies: Department of Agriculture (DA); and Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Arturo R. Tanco, Jr. was named as DA Secretary. Six years later, in June 1984, the agency was renamed Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF). The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources was transferred from the Ministry of Natural Resources.  In1996, President Ramos appointed Dr. Salvador H. Escudero III, serving for the second time as DA Secretary. During that time, he launched the Gintong Ani food production and security program. He also organized subsistence farmers into functional groups and cooperatives, aimed at transforming them into viable producers and entrepreneurs.  In July 1998, President Joseph Ejercito Estrada designated William D. Dar as Acting DA Secretary who introduced the Estrada administration's 10-point agenda in agriculture and fisheries under the Agrikulturang Makamasa program.  InMarch 1999, President Estrada named former Senate President Edgardo J. Angara as DA Secretary who authored the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1998 or AFMA (Republic Act No. 8435). He put into action the law’s visions of transforming and modernizing the country’s agriculture and fisheries sector.  On June 30, 2010, President Benigno S. Aquino III appointed two-term congressman of Quezon and civil engineer by profession Proceso J. Alcala as Secretary. One of the principal authors of Republic Act 10068, or the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010, he is keen on increasing rice production and do away with rice imports by 2013 by expanding areas planted to rice to include uplands, marshlands and idle farmlands. He introduced the concept of Agrikulturang Pilipino or Agri-Pinoy as the Department of Agriculture's over-all strategic framework that serves as a guide in the implementation of its various services and programs in 2011-2016 and beyond. Agri-Pinoy optimizes the development of Philippine resources, natural and human, to achieve goals in agriculture and fisheries, and contribute to national development with its battle cry. "Sa Agri- Pinoy, asenso'y tuloy-tuloy."  9/29/2024  On June 30, 2016, Rodrigo Duterte was became the 16th President of the Philippines. Fully supports all Filipino farmers and fisheries by empowering them to be more prosperous, as they contribute their share to ensure food security for all our countrymen. Emmanuel F. Piñol was appointed as DA secretary and later on August 5, 2019 Dr. William D. Dar was called again to serve government as DA secretary. He introduced the “New thinking for Agriculture” which anchored on the vision: A food-secure Philippines with prosperous farmers and fisherfolk.  9/29/2024 The end  God bless future agriculturist! Cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens.