Unit 4 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Note Guide PDF

Topic: Unit 4 - Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (Reason and Enlightenment) *Content on the Key Topics on the right should answer the essential question on the left. Answers should be in your own words showing reading of Spielvogel as we...

Topic: Unit 4 - Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (Reason and Enlightenment) *Content on the Key Topics on the right should answer the essential question on the left. Answers should be in your own words showing reading of Spielvogel as well as content from in class readings/activities. Please answer the questions on the left as well. All notes done in BLUE. *Follow the ACE writing model: Answer or Define, Cite Evidence, Explain Significance, which his how the Short Answer Question (SAQ) should be written. Note Guides are required to be submitted to turnitin.com at the end of each unit. Corresponding Spielvogel Reading: Ch. 16 pg. 472-496, Ch. 17. Pg 499-525 Questions and Key Points Class Notes Scientific Revolution 1. How did the Scientific - Shift in thinking Method developed during the - Facts based on reason and observation rather than speculation Age of Reason represent a break - Questioning of the church from the intellectual processes of - Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning the Middle Ages? (class notes, Scientific Method p.472-476, p.478-488, - Isaac newton p.488-496) Use text to find - The combination of inductive and deductive reasoning scientists' main contribution! Inductive Reasoning theorize - Francis bacon CCOT- Continuity and Change - Starting with an observation - Finding a pattern Answer: previous to the age of - Forming a hypothesis reason, many believed that the - Coming up with a theory world was governed by Deductive Reasoning test theory supernatural forces. This belief - Credited to french descartes was enforced by the churches, - Theory where the people would gain - Form a hypothesis their knowledge. As the - Observation scientific method developed, - Confirmation people started to question these The marble test beliefs as knowledge was more - Pull out 3 marbles from a bag and they're all black based on observation and proof - Inductive reasoning > all marbles in bag are black rather than speculation. This was - Prove: significant as it would cause - Use deductive reasoning to make observation many to change their way of - Confirm or deny hypothesis thinking. Heliocentrism (vs Geocentrism) Sun centered vs earth centered Copernicus ❖ copernicus would develop a heliocentric model of the universe Galileo ❖ Galileo would observe mountains and craters on the moon. Francis Bacon and contribution to scientific method ❖ bacon would create the scientific method Women and Science (CCOT) - Their contributions were not recognized  - People still thought of women as less than men Work of a Woman Scientists (Cavendish, Merian, or Winkelmann) - Works would challenge previous beliefs William Harvey ❖ Harvey would get a more accurate depiction of the human anatomy through observation by dissection; Paracelsus ❖ Paracelsus found the discipline of toxicology. Rene Descartes and contribution to scientific method ❖ Descartes would father rationalism. Isaac Newton Isacc Newton would promote reasoning rather than just belief. These rules that proved facts would challenge previous ideas that used religion to explain the world 2. How did the Enlightenment Age of Reason alter views on religion and - Experimenting to find out truth European identity? (class notes, - Notion that humans can think rather than just believe what they p.500-502) were told by people at the top - Inductive and deductive reasoning Answer: The enlistment - Challenge medieval views and church teachings promoted the questioning of the Age of Enlightenment churches’ ways. People began to - Society rather than society think more for themselves rather - Philosophers than blindly following the - Is the church correct? churches. This would lead to - What is the best economic / government system? many of the public turning to - Leads to revolution atheism and deism. This was - Challenging divine right significant as it would alter the - New philosophies way many people in this time - skepticism : question everything period thought. - Cultural relativism - Deism - Atheism 1755 Lisbon Earthquake - Port city - Earthquake - 60k people killed - Tsunami and fire - ‘God’s wrath’ - Significant event - Depicted in art and literature Cultural Relativism - The idea that people should understand and respect others rather than judging - Promoted tolerance of religion and other cultural aspects Deism/Denis Diderot - Idea that god does exist but he is evil - Many began to turn to deism as they questioned the church  Skepticism/Immanuel Kant - people began to be more skeptical of the church and the ideas that they promoted as they started leaning towards trusting facts proven by observation rather than mere speculation Atheism/Baron d’ Holbach - People began to stop believing in God as a whole 3. How did the Enlightenment “Republic of Letters” spread? (class notes, p.506, - How info would have gone viral 509-512) - Philosophers sending letters to each other - Republic Answer: Enlightenment spread - Paris and london were hubs through the people of the lower - Implies equality class. This would occur as - Thinkers saw themselves as equal on intellectual locations such as salons for the grounds wealthy and coffeehouses for the - Letters regular would host meetings - Means learning where enlightened topics were - Exchanging ideas discussed. This was significant - Community of scholars as it would lead to the spread of - Developed new institutions and significance the enlightenment’s ideas. - Strengthened by academic institutions - Open to non nobles but mostly wealthy Salons and Salonnieres (High E.) - Fancy party/ gathering - Hosted by women - Discuss and debate topics - Important part of the republic of letters - Significance - This was many women's education Salonnieres - Women of the salons - Career base on careful study - Resulted in independence and education Coffeehouses (Low E) - middle/lower class are discussing - Revolution - Literacy doubled in the course of the 18 century - economy went up - Improvements on education - Led to more educated and wealthier public with more leisure time Society Was critical of all authority Enlightenment philosophes held three basic tenets: - Human society is government by natural laws - These laws can be discovered by rational men  - Human society can turn from tradition authoritarian to 4.How did the intellectuals of Voltaire the Enlightenment employ their - Famous enlightenment thinker knowledge towards the reform - Wrote poem on lisbon disaster earthquake of society and human - ‘Savage’ literary attack on optimism institutions? (class notes, - “If the miseries of individuals are merely the p.502-508) by-products of Dod’s general and necessary order then we are nothing more than cogs” Answer: The intellectuals would - Diest promote the questioning of the - Believes in god church and the ideas of unity - Believes that her is uncaring through religious tolerance and - Not intervening in human affairs radical ideas on democracy. - Nature can disrespect human life These promotions would - If humans want a better world then they have to make it challenge people’s views on the - Praying and thinking god is going to change things world, ultimately leading to a doesn’t help revolutionary change. - Religious tolerance Cesare Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments - stopping torture and replacing with just punishment - More just way Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws - Separation of powers Rousseau’s The Social Contract - Uniting under common rule - Radical ideas on democracy Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations - Start of capitalism - Market of economy Rousseau on Women - Thought of women as inferior to men - Sole purpose was to please men Mary Wollstonecraft - Calls out all men above Enlightenment views on Race/Limitations - Many scientists would actually use their research and studies in order to justify their misogynistic and racist behaviors. 5.To what extent were the 18th - Loui’s death is a key marker of the century century absolute monarchs of - Most absolute ruler in all of europe Europe “enlightened”? (class - End of an era notes, p.529-539) Louis france “I am the state” vs frederick prussia “I am the first Answer: The absolute monarchs servant of the state” >>>shows the scientific revolution and were somewhat “enlightened.” enlightenment’s influence on monarchs They did become more religiously tolerant and Enlightened Absolutism modernized the society, but - New ideas because they continued to hold - Rationalism - More secular outlook on society absolute rule and had many - Forces push for demographic economic change limitations to their tolerance, - New political age many view the 18th century - Monarchs who believe in these ideas monarchs as not very - Invite thinkers to educate them enlightened. - Valued people of the state - Basis: the enlightenment - Supported individual rights - Political system headed by absolute monarch who believes in the enlightenment - Allowed freedom of press, freedom of religion, and the right for individuals to own private property - Limit: not tolerant of jewish - Welfare of people as they in turn would benefit the monarchies - Joseph II - Frederick II the great of prussia - Catherine of prussia Voltaire - Wanted france to be enlightened absolutism Frederick - The people will say what they want and i will do what i wish War of Austrian Succession - Nations in europe try to counterbalance other countries - Weaken other countries - 1600’s - Decline of the habsburgs - After 30 years war - Westphalia - Emperor is a mere figurehead - New sovereign states - 1700’s - Extinction of spanish habsburgs - Bourbon king - Austrian habsburgs rule austria - Took on the ottomans - Britain takes land from france and N america - France takes land from india etc - They want peace - except for prussia - Significance: costly war - Winner: prussia who keeps a portion of austrian land Diplomatic Revolution - Biggest outcomes of the war - Major changes in alliances - Balance of power is reshaped - Traditional great powers - Declining after the war  - Prussia and great britain rise in power - Change in diplomacy - Join forces - Worried of prussia and great britain’s new powers Seven Years War - Aka french and indian war - Conflicts are going globally - Begins in europe and expands to north america's colonies - French joined with austria - Limit rise of britain - War between old great powers and rising new powers of prussia and great britain Prussia and great britain will win the war France suffers the most - Causes war debt - Raises taxes - Wants revenge on britain - Help the colonists with their revolution - The people do not like their new monarch - Revolution will be coming to france - Center of enlightenment ideas Britain emerges as greatest colonial power Defeat france and india Catherine the Great of Russia - Russia’s golden age - Modernized - Founded cities with art, architecture and music - Great powers of the world - Supporter of education - State sponsored women educational system - Confident - As great as peter the great - Continues to build russia as a 1st class european power - Exerts russia’s traditional heritage - we are heirs to the byzantine empire - Wants to take Constantinople from the ottomans. - Russia is a great power - Frederick II “the Great” of Prussia - Modernized government - Non-nobles could be government officials - Military and government would grow - Openly pushed spread of enlightenment Maria Theresa of Austria - Triggers controversy - Marie antoinette’s mother  - Prussia starts a war with them because of the confusion caused by this - Wants to take land - Prussia takes advantage of austria’s chaotic state - France also undermines the habsburgs - Alliance with great britain - Britain fears french dominance - First woman ruler here - Joseph II of Austria - Holy roman emperor - More education - Promotion of german language for unity - Freed peasants of serfdom Partition of Poland - Russia, prussia, austria takes over - slowly will disappear - Nobles maintained power - Never had a large army able to hold neighboring countries off - Aggression under the westphalian system - No one was prepared to act on behalf of poland - Poland had a constitution - Religious tolerance - great freedoms - Neighboring countries did not like this - Poland was ahead of the other countries Neoclassicism 6. How did the Enlightenment influence art, music, and - Back to classical antiquity literature? (class notes, - Ancient greek and roman styles p.513-517) - Not emotionally grand ; about simplicity - Virtue, civic duty, honor, devotion to the nation, sacrifice