Costa Test 3 - Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment PDF

1 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Study Guide What is the Scientific Revolution? A new way of thinking involving logic, observations, and facts. Middle Ages: - people believed earth was the center of the universe called the Geocentric Theory Roger Bacon: Advocated empirical metho...

1 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Study Guide What is the Scientific Revolution? A new way of thinking involving logic, observations, and facts. Middle Ages: - people believed earth was the center of the universe called the Geocentric Theory Roger Bacon: Advocated empirical methods, emphasizing observation and experimentation. suggested the use of experience for learning in the early 1200s Why did it take 400 years for this idea to take off? Society's reliance on tradition and authority, especially the Church, resisted change. Lack of technological advancements for experimentation. A cultural shift during the Renaissance sparked interest in rediscovering classical knowledge and applying new methods. Ptolemaic Universe Aristotle and Ptolemy(CREATED GEOCENTRIC THEORY) suggested the Earth was at the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies orbiting it Supported by the church Problems with the Ptolemaic Universe Planets could be seen moving in non-circular patterns around Earth Sometimes, planets seemed to be moving backwards Nicolaus Copernicus Created the Heliocentric Theory On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres 1543 Only published his ideas when he was about to die in fear of the church Heliocentric Theory The sun was at the center of the universe, with the Earth moving around it Tycho Brahe Built Europe’s most advanced astronomical lab called Uraniborg Believed the Earth was at the center of the universe The sun revolved around the Earth and everything else revolved around the sun Johannes Kepler Brahe’s assistant 3 laws of planetary motion - Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits  2 - Velocity changes depending on distance from the sun - Math formula explaining the relationship of the movements of the planets Galileo Galilei First to use a telescope to observe the sky(built it) Dialogue on Two Chief Systems of the World 1632 discovered Jupiter’s four biggest moons (lo, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) Problems with the Church Galilei’s book got him in trouble with the Catholic Church and was placed on a banned books list Supported Copernicus(Heliocentric theory) Bc of this he was forced to recant and confined to house arrest threatened with torture so he retracted his statements to the world Sir Issac Newton Law of Universal Gravitation(All objects attract each other, with force depending on their masses and distance.) compared universe to a clock - gravity: attraction that draws all objects toward each other - inertia: resistance to change Principia Mathematica Created calculus with Leibnitz Francis Bacon Created the scientific method and urged people to use it bc it would help people - Observation - Hypothesis - Experimentation - Conclusion The Advancement of Learning 1605 Novum Organum 1620 Rene Descartes Created the Deductive Method - Discourse on Method - Used logic to help reason laws “I think therefore I am” believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism Andreas Vesalius The Structure of the Human Body  3 First book on dissection Father of modern anatomy William Harvey On the movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals discovered circulation of blood and examined how the heart works Anton van Leeuwenhoak Used a microscope to look at a fly’s brain Carolus Linnaeus Classified plants and animals Systema Naturae 1735 Enlightenment Bernard de Fonenelle Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds Tried to teach regular people science Philosophes French word for philosophers Leaders on the Enlightenment Questioned traditions and superstition while improving humanity most were atheists and deists(believed in God but didnt follow church) State of Nature A world with no laws, morals, and rules Used by philosophes to decide which government is the best Thomas Hobbes(came up with social John Locke contract) Born poor during the Spanish invasion of Born upper middle class England The Leviathan 1651 (was banned during the Tabula Rasa Commonwealth) - Essay Concerning Human Understanding - Letters of Toleration - disagrees with Greek ideas that we were born with knowledge - born with a blank state  4 - Knowledge based on experiences Absolute monarchy is the best form of A republic is the best form of government government - said divine right was stupid - Doesnt believe in divine right - King should be in charge of church Life in a state of nature would be solitary, Life in a state of nature would be a peaceful short, nasty, and brutish coexistence between humans and nature VIEW ON HUMAN NATURE HUMAN NATURE He Didn’t believe in the existence of a - people follow leaders bc they want to soul - humans have free will , should be Humans are like Machines: action and prepped for freedom reaction - legislators owe power to contract with Avoid Pain: Chase pleasure people Influences: Galileo and Kepler You cannot base knowledge on BELIEVED PEOPLE COULD GOVERN observation THEMSELVES He Rejected the Scientific Method Observation is too subjective a basis to ground philosophy or science He prefers to base knowledge on agreed upon truths and first principles that form the foundation for subsequent assertions As long as rulers aren’t actively hurting you, Revolution is a right and sometimes an there is no reason to revolt obligation of the people Fear and hope are what drives people’s People are born with a blank slate, and their actions experiences determine who they are - People follow laws and the contract in fear and not obligation - Peace only comes through a social contract People exchange their freedoms for People have unalienable rights of life, protection liberty, and property that the government is - Man in nature has no moral ideas obligated to protect - People desire good and avoid evil Social Contract A deal between the ruler and people Many Philosophes like Hobbes and Locke believed in the existence of it, but disagreed on what it was Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) Was sent to jail twice for insulting a French regent  5 Moved to England for some time and returned to France used humor against opps learned Science from Emile De Chatelet Themes of… - Tolerance - Justice - English government’s superiority over French - Religion is bad Essay on the Customs and Spirit of Nations 1755 Philosophical Dictionary 1764 Candide Book written by Voltaire Story of a young boy on his journey to find his lover/cousin “We must cultivate our garden” rebutes philosphy of Leibniz who said “this is the best of all possible worlds” secular views should be held higher than religious values Voltaires Wisdom - every man is guilty of the good he didnt do - if God didnt exist it would be necessary to invent him - dangerous to be right when govt is wrong - love truth forgive error - men are equal virtue makes difference - prejudice is opinion without judgement The Baron de Montesquieu Persian Letters On the Spirit of Laws Philosophy was: 3 types of government 1. Monarchy 2. Republic 3. Aristocracy Separation of powers-ensured freedom and liberty - Legislative- writes laws - Executive- enforces laws - Judicial- interprets laws Jean Jacques Rousseau A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts 1750 Emile 1762 The Social Contract 1762  6 Believed arts and sciences made humans corrupt Believed people who lived in civilized society were unhappy, insecure and selfish Governments hold back human virtue and liberty Liberty, Equality, Fraternity people would be most free and moral under a government with direct democracy his thinking had great infleunce on French Revolutionaries of 1789 BELIEVED people could govern themselves Famous quote: “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” The Social Contract 1762 - derived from human nature not history or Bible or tradition - BASICALLY people would not give a ruler or rep the power to make laws for them= DEMOCRACY - right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free - Individuals should give up their own interests for the greater good - did this by entering a social contract not w rulers but each other Salons Places where enlightenment thinkers often met to discuss ideas Founded by wealthy women all over Europe The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) - IN CHARGE Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794) Emile du Cahtalet French noblewomen Wrote about math and physics of Leibniz and Newton (she was in between the two) Voltaire was her lover led to an interest in science by French women, notably, Marie Curie Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women Supported women’s rights and education Women who are left at home should have the same education rights as men Denis Diderot (EDITED the encyclopedia) - aimed to collect and spread all human knowledge - church and French government banned his work Diderot’s Encyclopedie - Complete book of knowledge with 28 volumes  7 Enlightened Despot A ruler who embraced Enlightenment ideas Examples: Frederick the Great of Prussia Allowed freedom of religion Saw himself as the “First Servant of the State” Catherine the Great Sponsored many philosophes and subsidized the encyclopedia Joseph ll of Austria abolished serfdom and promoted religious tolerance 1. What kind of art is associated with the Enlightenment? ○ Neoclassicism: Art inspired by ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing order and balance. 2. What composers emerged during this period? ○ Mozart, Haydn, and early Beethoven. 3. Who made science accessible to the public? - Bernard de Fontenelle: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds explained complex ideas in simple terms. 1. Wrote Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 and had the expectation of universal happiness. - Marquis de Condorcet 2. Wrote Common Sense, 1776 - Thomas Paine 3. Wrote Letter on Toleration, 1689 - John Locke 4. Wrote What is Enlightenment 1784 - Immanuel Kant 5. Wrote Candide, 1759 - Voltaire 6. Wrote Persian Letters, 1721 - Montesquieu 7. Wrote Emile, 1762 - Jean-Jacques Rousseau 8. Was the chief editor of the Encyclopedie? - Denis Diderot 9. Believed that a separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty. - Montesquieu  8 10. Thought that as civilizations progress they move away from morality. - Jean-Jacques Rousseau 11. Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people. - John Locke 12. In nature man is naturally wicked and selfish - Thomas Hobbes 13. If God did not exist, it would be necessary - Voltaire 14. There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. Life, liberty, property! - John Locke 15. Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one's individual interests to the "General Will." - Jean-Jacques Rousseau