Age of Enlightenment & Revolution PDF

The Age of Enlightenment 1700-1815 Essential Question For Unit What impact did the Enlightenment have in the colonies? Agenda for Unit -Enlightenment Do Nows/Exit Tickets -Lecture Age of Enlightenment -Enlightenment Activities -Enlightenment Quiz -American Revolution Do Nows/Exit Tickets -Lecture The American Revolution -American Revolution Activities -American Revolution Project/Test Scientiﬁc Revolution 1500-1700 Renaissance, New World, and Black Death spurred development of the scientiﬁc method. Questioning beliefs through careful observations. Scientiﬁc Revolution 1500-1700 Copernicus- Heliocentric Theory Tycho Brahe-Mathematical trajectories Johann Kepler- Elliptical Orbit Galileo- Telescope-mirrored Sir Francis Bacon- Scientiﬁc Method Descartes- Observation of Reality and Logic Sir Isaac Newton- Gravity. Light and a whole lot more Sir Isaac Newton The Age of Reason Natural Law- if all of nature is controlled by scientiﬁc forces than through reason and logic, humans can comprehend the world. New Lifestyle in Europe Scientiﬁc Academies Liberty Salons Progress Printed Books Tolerance Coﬀee Shops Fraternity Pamphlets Constitution Rejection of Church, Separation of Church and Absolutism and State Oppression Salons Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas. Philosophers: Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons. Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes The Social Contract 1651 People are inherently greedy, selﬁsh, and cruel. Therefore a strong and central government is needed. People must obey and be good followers. John Locke Improve oneself through REASON. So people should have self government. All people are born free and equal; therefore their government should operate on the consent of the governed. No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience. All mankind…being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself. Voltaire or Francois Marie Arouet Satirist. Wrote about tolerance, reason and freedom of religion. “I do not agree with a word that you are saying, but will defend your right to say it.” Montesquieu Author of Political Liberty. Wrote on the need for separation of powers within governments and societies. Spirit of Law 1748, he wrote and coined the term, checks and balances. Rousseau Wrote on Individual Personal Liberties. Believed that society corrupts the people and that there is a “social contract” inherent in society. People should do what is best for their own communities and should be in charge of them. “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.” Believed in Direct Democracy on a small local scale for the common good. The French Philosophes Social critics of the French Monarchy and Old Regime Reason- truth through logic Nature- What is natural, is always right and good Happiness- focus on happiness in this life, not the afterlife Progress- societies must continue to improve Liberty- individuals should have a say-inspired by the English Bill of Rights Spread of the Enlightenment Printing press and Diderot’s Encyclopedia Classical and Baroque Music and Operas Enlightened Monarchs Encyclopedia Baroque Bach Handel Classical Music Haydn Mozart Beethoven Can an Absolute Monarch be Enlightened? Frederick II of Prussia 1740-1786 Reformed and Modernized Prussia “First Servant of the State” Joseph II of Austria 1780-1790 Successor to Maria Theresa, kept her policies going Eliminated serfdom Freedom of the press Catherine the Great of Russia 1762-1796 Highly educated. Wrote Voltaire. Pushed reforms for her peasants and defeated the Ottomans and Poles, expanding Russia’s dominance over the region of Eastern Europe. The American Revolution 1765-1783 DO NOW What are two things that you know about the American Revolution? This can be battles, people, vocabulary, etc. Growing Tensions The wars of the 1700’s puts a strain on the British economy In 1751 Parliament decided to take drastic measures to increase the proﬁts of their empire. In 1751 The Navigation Acts were passed- this placed high taxes on the importation of British goods and demanded that the colonies solely trade with England- this is mercantilism which the Americans had never experienced before. The Black Market The restrictions of the Navigation Acts caused many wealthy American colonies to sell their goods on newly created Black Market. The French Indian War Fought in America from 1754-1763 the Seven Years War or French Indian War or World War Zero had a profound impact on the American colonies. American men fought and died in this war Britain went into substantial debt Forced Parliament to pass a new taxes and impose new policies in order to control their newly acquired lands from France. Before Seven Years War During Seven Years War After Seven Years War Pontiac’s War 1763-1766 What led to the war was a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. This then led to the Britain's Proclamation of 1763. Proclamation Line of 1763 Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect- A British policy in the early 1700s that allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain proﬁted economically. 1765 Stamp Act First direct tax on the American Colonists in their history. Taxed all paper products, of which, none were manufactured in America. This was the ﬁrst time the Americans stated “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!!!” “Taxation without representation is tyranny.” James Otis Jr. Boston, MA 1765 Tyranny- cruel and oppressive government or rule Sons of Liberty Sons of Liberty- well organized Patriot paramilitary political organization group in secrecy, established to undermine British rule in colonial America. 1st row: Samuel Adams Benedict Arnold John Hancock Patrick Henry James Otis, Jr. 2nd row: Paul Revere James Swan Alexander McDougall Benjamin Rush Charles Thomson 3rd row: Joseph Warren Marinus Willett Oliver Wolcott Christopher Gadsden Haym Salomon Townshend Acts late 1760’s These were indirect taxes on the colonies for the purpose of raising funds for colonial governors and judges, but also to regulate and increase control on American shipping and trading. Sugar Act 1764. Strictly enforced by the British Navy and Merchant Marines of the East India Company Boston Massacre 1770 What Was It? An attack on the colonists civilians by British troops and its legal aftermath. Led to the Revolutionary War A tense situation due to a heavy British military presence in Boston that boiled over to incite brawls between soldiers and civilians. Troops ﬁred into a rioting crowd. Who Fired the First Shot? Private Hugh Montgomery was knocked down by a huge piece of ice. As he fell, he thought he heard someone yell “Fire!” He ﬁred along with all of the other soldiers except for one into the crowd. 11 people were hit. Killed then Died Killed Instantly Died the Next Day Crispus Attucks- A former slave Samuel Maverick: believed to be the very ﬁrst Was at the back of the crowd killed. He worked as a sailor. and was hit by a ricocheting Samuel Gray-Rope maker musket ball. James Caldwell-Mariner Paul Revere, Trial, and Outcome Paul Revere dashed oﬀ an engraving entitled the Boston Massacre Perpetrated in King Street, Boston. In reality it was an unfortunate event not a massacre. Trial 8 British soldiers were charged John Adams was a defense attorney 6 acquitted 2 found guilty of manslaughter Outcome Samuel Adams, on of Boston’s radical leaders, insisted that Thomas Hutchinson, the British Royal Governor, withdrawal troops from Boston. Tea Act 1773. Boston Tea Party Events Leading to the Boston Tea Party Many factors including “taxation without representation,” the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act, and the 1773 Tea Act. The British India Company had a controlled all tea trading between India and British colonies. It was going to force the colonist to buy their tea with high tax. As a result of tea tax, the colonies refused to buy the British Tea. Colonists boycotted The Boston Tea Party was a direct response from colonist who opposed tea which taxed by someone other than their own representatives. Tea Act 1773 By reducing the tax on imported British tea, this act gave British merchants an unfair advantage in selling their tea in America. American colonists condemned the act, and many planned to boycott tea. Townshend Acts Repealed Tea tax is kept for two reasons: 1. The tax provides a lot of money for the British Government 2. Symbolic of Parliament retaining their right to tax the colonies Who Organized the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Tea Party was organized and carried out by a group of Patriots led by Samuel Adams known as the Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty were made up of males from all walks of colonial society. How did it happen? On the evening of December 16, 1773. A group of men calling themselves the Sons of Liberty went to the Boston Harbor. The man were dressed as Mohawk Indians. They boarded three British merchant ships in Boston Harbor. They threw 342 cases of tea into the sea. What damage did the Tea Party Cause? It took nearly three hours for more than 100 colonists to empty the tea into BOston Harbor. The chests held more than 9,000 lbs. (45 tons) of tea, which would cost nearly 1,000,000 dollars today. The British Admiral watched the whole ﬂeet from the upstairs window. After they cleaned oﬀ the ship's deck. They marched back in a single ﬁle line. Soon after the tea party that night a song was heard all through town. What happened after the Tea Party? Boston Harbor was closed for all trade until the tea was paid for. Many soldiers were sent. The impact of the Boston Tea Party was enormous ultimately leading to the sparking of the American Revolution. Intolerable Acts 1774 Coercive Acts: Sugar Act- tax on sugar imports Boston Port Act- Closed Boston Harbor until the tea had been paid for Massachusetts Government Act- Eliminated the Massachusetts government. Direct governance from Britain. Massachusetts Charter eliminated. No town hall meetings, no group assemblies. Administration of Government Act- Trials and warrants will be issued solely by the governor. This eliminated the Massachusetts court system (which had defended the Redcoats in 1770 successfully) Quartering Act- Colonists must provide housing for British regulars. Unoccupied buildings or boarding houses. NOT PRIVATE HOMES. First Continental Congress, September 1774 American Boycott First Continental Congress, September 1774 American Boycott Due to the growing colonial concern regarding British tyranny, the First Continental Congress was formed. Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies met in September 1774 at Carpenters’ Hall in Philadelphia to discuss their concerns. The First Continental Congress had 56 men in attendance to consider their opinions for the topics of discussion-they then published a list of rights and grievances and petitioned King George for redress of those grievances. Patriots Day, April 19, 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775 –The British hoped to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock at Lexington and destroy military supplies stored at Concord. –Paul Revere hears of the British soldiers plan and rides to warn the militias in Lexington and Concord. April 19, 1775 –The British soldiers arrive in Lexington with the town’s minutemen ready for battle. The ﬁrst shot ﬁred is known as “The shot heard around the world.” –The British soldiers arrive in Concord where the battle continues. This is the start of the American Revolution Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride Bunker Hill The British were surrounded after the Battle of Lexington and Concord the colonial militias, led by George Washington, laid siege on the british troops trying to hold the city of Boston. June 17, 1775- Charlestown, MA –The Patriots knew that if they could gain control of Breed’s Hill, they could use cannons to ﬁre down on the British in Boston. –The Patriots lost the battle but successfully killed many British soldiers. –It showed that Patriots would need allies to supply gunpowder and assistance if they wanted to win the war. Bunker Hill On June 17, 1775, over 2,000 British troops, led by General William Howe, march to Breed's Hill to confront the colonials. The militia, led by Colonel William Prescott, were low on ammunition. In order to save ammo, Colonel Prescott warned his men to hold their ﬁre until they were sure they could hit their target “Don’t ﬁre until you see the white of their eyes!” The British Charge: Howe leads the ﬁrst charge up Breed's Hill to attack the colonials and his troops are forced to retreat. Howe tries again and again, the British are thwarted by the colonials. Bunker Hill The ﬁnal result was: The Battle of Bunker Hill is often called a “Pyrrhic victory” for the British. This means that their goal was achieved, but at great cost. The British suﬀered over 1,000 casualties, including 226 dead. Americans also suﬀered greatly, incurring almost 500 casualties themselves before their retreat. Despite the victory, Great Britain realized that the colonists were much stronger than they originally thought, and the war itself was going to be longer and tougher for the British side to win. Fort Ticonderoga Captured October 1775 Second Continental Congress 1775 Olive Branch Petition Met inside Independence Hall in May 1775. They drafted the Olive Branch Petition and sent it to King George III in hopes of peace. King refused to hear the petition and declared the American colonies revolted. Creation of the Continental Army Congress created the Continental Army. Named George Washington, to command the army and prepare for war. Henry Knox Born July 25,1750 into poverty in Boston, MA Joined Continental army in 1775 Was in Washington’s cabinet as secretary of war. Knox died October 25,1806. British Evacuate Boston March 17, 1776, 11,000 redcoats and hundreds of Loyalists or British soldiers left the city by boat. Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jeﬀerson. Adopted or accepted by vote, on July 4th, 1776 in Philadelphia, PA during 2nd Continental Congress. It has 4 main sections which discuss all the issues between the 13 colonies and Great Britain. Revolutionary War Key Leaders Benjamin Franklin John Adams Thomas Jeﬀerson George Washington Revolutionary War Key Leaders The Marquis de John Paul Jones Nathan Hale Francis Marion Lafayette Daniel Boone Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin, one of the most famous men in the world, was sent to France to ask for military aid as well as a loan. And then the war was on. Do Now What battles do you already know about from this period and what were they ﬁghting the battle for? Battle of New York-September 1776 This is Washington’s First defeat of the war. New York was taken by large force. The city of New York burned for days. Troops retreated to New Jersey. Battle of Trenton- December 1776 The Continental Army, led by General George Washington, crossed the Delaware River and headed for the enemy’s barracks in Trenton, where they defeated Hessian mercenaries. On January 2, a second battle was fought that held the British back, while the main Continental forces marched to Princeton. The battle of Trenton marks a turning point in the war in America’s favor. British Battle Plan 1777 British Battle Plan 1777 Lt. Colonel St. Leger-Depart from Montreal down the St. Lawrence River. March across New York and assault Albany from the West. General Burgoyne-Depart Quebec and march down the Hudson River Valley and assault Albany from the North. General Howe-Depart NYC and march North and assault Albany from the South. Cut oﬀ New England Battle of Oriskany In July, 1777, General Barry St. Leger left Canada and arrived at Oswego, New York. St. Leger was ordered to move east and join Burgoyne. He left Oswego on July 26 in command of a force of to 800 British regulars, Canadians, Mohawk Valley Tories (commanded by Sir John Johnson and Colonel John Butler), and Hanau (German) mercenaries. These soldiers were joined by 800 American Indian Tories, mostly from the Mohawk and Seneca tribes, under the command of Joseph Brant. Fort Stanwix, which had been renamed Fort Schuyler by the Rebels, blocked St.Leger’s path. St. Legers advance troops arrived at the fort on August 2nd and decided it was strong and well-garrisoned to attack. After Gansevoort rejected his demand to surrender on August 3, St. Leger prepared for siege. Battle of Oriskany Howe Captures Philadelphia September 26, 1777, General Howe maneuvered his army west, forcing Washington to make a choice. The choice was to move his army west to protect the resources of the country or continue to block the passages into Philadelphia. He moved west, clearing a path for the British army to capture and occupy the city. Battle at Saratoga Turning point of the American Revolution! October 13, 1777, force of roughly 10,000 men were trapped, mostly British regulars under General “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne. Burgoyne had advanced from French Canada in the summer of 1777 with the intention of taking Albany, New York, and cutting New England oﬀ from the rest of colonies by seizing control of the Hudson River Valley. In the spring, the British had seized colonial forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. The Americans retreated. However, a successful colonial delaying action comprising the systematic blocking of roads, destruction of bridges, and harassment of British troops with sniper ﬁre slowed the British advance beyond the southern ends of Lakes Champlain and George to a few kilometers a day. Burgoyne’s force was eventually blocked by colonial regular soldiers and militia under General Horatio Gates in area north of Hudson Valley town of Saratoga. Valley Forge-Winter 1777-78 December 19, 1777- June 19, 1778 Washington and his campaign-weary army marched into camp on December 19, 1777. Contrary to popular myth, the Continental soldiers marching into Valley Forge were not oppressed, just tired and ill-supplied. They exuded the conﬁdence of people who knew that they had come close to beating the British in battle. They were cautiously optimistic about the future, and resigned themselves to the task of establishing their winter camp. They camped at Valley Forge for the next six months, sleeping in wedge tents or brush huts. Ambassadors British Head South 1779 The British head South in the attempt to capture Charleston. In May 1780, the siege of Charleston starts. Fort Moultrie - held the British oﬀ in the ﬁrst attack. The second attempt ended in British victory. The British blockaded the harbor, cutting oﬀ supplies. Worst defeat of the war for the Patriots. Then in January 1781, the Battle of Cowpens (South Carolina) starts. Partisan forces (Soldiers who formed their own militia) fought when the British came near their home and helped the Continental Army to defeat the British. The British retreated to Yorktown, a peninsula in Virginia. Rochambeau Full name Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur comte de Rochambeau or commonly known as Rochambeau was a military oﬃcer who commanded the French expeditionary force that was sent in 1780 to help the American colonies against Great Britain. He commanded all of the French forces at the Siege of Yorktown and retired after 50 years of service. Lafayette The Marquis de Lafayette was a French nobleman who served as a major general in the Continental Army under George Washington. At the age of 19 he traveled to the Americas to help Washington with their war against Great Britain. He fought in several important battles, including Brandywine, where he was wounded and played a crucial role in securing French support for the American cause. Battle of the Capes Took place at the Chesapeake Bay in 1781 and was a naval battle between France and British navies. The battle lasted two hours, but it played a signiﬁcant role in the Siege of Yorktown’s success, that ultimately led to the United States Independence. The total number of forces engaged in this battle were 32,000: 19,000 were French and 13,000 were British and there were about 546 casualties 210 on the French side and 336 on the British side. Battle of Yorktown October 17-19, 1781 The Battle at Yorktown was the last major battle of the American Revolution. George Washington had the strategy to surround and trap the British. Nathanael Greene's army came up from the south, while George Washington’s army came down from the north, and the French navy blocked the harbor by sea. City was surrounded and under heavy ﬁre. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured two major British forts. After a useless counterattack, Cornwallis oﬀered to surrender on October 17. On October 19, the papers were signed and he oﬃcially surrendered. About 7,000 British troops became prisoners to the American forces. Alexander Hamilton Came to America 1772 at the age of 15 and was poor, self-taught, ambitious immigrant from West Indies. Served as an inexperienced private in a volunteer militia during the Revolutionary war. He was also a battle-tested commander in the Continental Army and the principal aide-de-camp or senior military oﬃcer to General George Washington. Being in the army convinced Hamilton that the new nation needed a strong central government and nation institutions in order for the union of states to survive. Treaty of Paris 1783 Independence- Recognizes the US as a free and independent nation. Gain all lands from Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River Fishing Rights oﬀ Canadian Atlantic Coast Each side would repay debts Return enslaved soldiers Congress would return Loyalist land First American Government Do Now: What do you think makes up the ﬁrst ever American government? Articles of Confederation First Constitution of America Too weak, no real central government, no authority to levy taxes or to raise an army Shays Rebellion 1786-1787 Constitutional Convention May-Sept 1787 Philadelphia Revision of the Articles Eventual creation of a New constitution Three Branches A strong Federal Republic was created with three branches meant for checks and balances Legislative Branch Judicial Branch Executive Branch Virginia Plan Proposed by James Madison. This plan would set up a bicameral Legislature elected based on population. This would give power to more populous states New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson This would set up a bicameral Legislature wherein each state would be granted the same number of representatives This would favor smaller states Connecticut Compromise Proposed by Robert Sherman This would create a bicameral Legislature wherein the House of Representatives would be voted in based oﬀ population and then each state would receive two Senators. This plan was adopted Roles of the House of Representatives Passes Federal Laws (Bills) Power to Impeach Power to Amend the Constitution Approval of National Budget Declaration of War Role of the Senate Proposes and considers new laws Approves or rejects presidential nominations Provides advice and consent on international treaties Serves as the high court for impeachment trials Approves treaties that the executive branch makes with foreign governments Bill of Rights- 1st Ten Amendments 1. Freedom of press, assembly, religion, speech, and petition 2. Right to bear arms-militia 3. Prohibits the quartering of troops by civilians 4. No unreasonable search and seizures 5. Due process 6. Right to free and speedy trial 7.Right to a jury 8. Prohibits excess bail and cruel and unusual punishment 9. Civil Rights protected under the constitution 10. Powers not included in constitution belong to the states and to the people Washington’s Presidency 1789-1797- Setting Precedent Use of the Cabinet Central Authority Role of VP Behavior/etiquette Executive privilege-separation Northwest Indian War from Congress Transfer of Power Foreign Aﬀairs Vermont, Kentucky and Commander and Chief Tennessee added! Sorry native Americans ☹ Vice President Adams Separate from the Presidency Safety net May cast ballot in tie breaker decision within the Senate Northwest Indian War Whiskey Rebellion Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 USA in 1787

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