IB MYP 3 Individuals and Societies Past Paper PDF 2017

CONSIDER THESE QUESTIONS: $ Fnriir.r. What has been the pattern of global population change? How can we model population change? What are some of the social issues that can be caused by population change? How can sustai...

CONSIDER THESE QUESTIONS: $ Fnriir.r. What has been the pattern of global population change? How can we model population change? What are some of the social issues that can be caused by population change? How can sustainable development promote equity in societies? [f What processes irr-{'.[.] i.i.,.r, contribute to population change? What are the features of equitable and fair societies? Er:[.lor i;[llt: Should governments r Figure 4.1 A tiny sample of the world's population try to control the size of their populations? IN THIS CHAPTER, WE WILL N ow I i,r: r'f- r-l all I I i: I I i"i,:i l',i you r 1i ar! r Find out about how the world population has changed over time and which processes allow this to happen. thoughts and ideas with your r Explore the ways of modelling population change and look at case partner, or with the whole class. studies of social issues in different societies due to these changes. r Take action by looking at how sustainable development can promote more equitable and fair societies. ffi lndivicluals.rnci 5ocieties for the lfi l\,4Yf] 1 by Concept F ffi ,, hw These Approaches to Learning (ATL) skrlls will be useful. * ,& r Communication skills r lnformation literacy skills r Critical-thinking skills J We will reflect on this learner profile attribute o Communicators - by using a range of different methods of communicating understandings. Assessment opportunities in this chapter r Criterion A: Knowing and understanding ,.. 4,. r Criterion B: lnvestigating ',." HW' 1 r Criterion C: Communicating +, o Criterion D: Thinking critically ln this chapter we will explore the different understandings associated with population change. This will allow us to gain an insight into how the global population has changed through time as well as the different ways of modelling population change. we will reflect on the challenges facing societies at different times of their development and on sustainable solutions to develop more equitable and fair societies. 4 Where are all the people? What has been the pattern of global population change? Key People/km2 I 1000+ !>300 m>150 I > 100 a>75 l>50 a>25 l>10 l>0 I Figure 4.2 Countries by population density in 2015 THINK-PAIR-SHARE Take a look at the world map in Figure 4.2, showing population density levels in 20'15. Discuss the following questions in pairs: o What areas of the world seem densely populated? o What areas of the world seem sparsely populated? Estimates in 201 1 (http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/newslT- billion/ngm-Tbillion) suggested that the entire population of the world standing shoulder to shoulder could fit into the area taken up by the city of Los Angeles. What do you think are the arguments to suggest that population is/isn't a global issue? Discuss your ideas and then feed back to the class. E  I Im o aa oao mt mt aaa DATE Im mrtmm Immt o 1 804 'I billion oo 1927 2 billion 1959 3 billion 1974 4 billion 1947 5 billion 1999 6 billion 201 7 billion 1 WORLD POPULATIONTOTAL people people people people people people people I Figure 4.3 Total world population, 1804-2011 I Figure 4.4 Changes to prehistoric human populations were very small Drscuss What do you think might be some of the reasons for slow population growth before 1804? Why do you think the rate of population growth has increased? 4 Where are all the people? PRE-1800 The world population didn't change a great deal for thousands of years, and it is estimated that the population didn't reach 1 billion until the year '1800. This means that for centuries the world was definitely not a crowded place. Different civilizations came and went, from the Egyptians to the tVinoans, all having a slight effect on population change but there was no rapid population growth like we have seen in more recent times. The reason for this is the balance between the death rate and birth rate. For much of the time before 1800, the birth rate was very high, with families often having between four and eight babies. But the death rate was also very high and, of particular importance, the infant mortality rate was high. This means that despite large numbers of babies being born, many died at a very young age. Added to that, life expectancy was short by the standards of our time. A historical development that did lead to increases in population early on in human history was farming. This effectively allowed more complex societies to emerge, leading to advances in health and population size. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The world population hit 1 billion in the early nineteenth century during an important historical process known as the lndustrial Revolution. The industrial revolution led to an increased interconnectedness around the world due to the effects of colonialism and trade. People started to live longer as a result of the effects of the lndustrial Revolution. This was mainly due to developments in health. The use of antiseptics and anaesthetics in hospitals improved survival rates, vaccinations targeted many deadly diseases, such as smallpox, and improvements in childbirth procedures reduced the infant mortality rate. However, in some locations the effects of industrialization may have reduced life expectancy. ln overcrowded cities, sanitation issues were rife, and many jobs, such as coal mining, were not safe at this time. Despite these rssues, the overall pattern was for increased population throughout the industrial revolutions. q__ lndividuals and Societies for the lB l\4YP 3: by THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND The twentieth century saw massive changes in world population. At the start of the century the population was under 2 billion and by 1999 the population had reached 6 billion. This huge increase is largely due to continued improvements in healthcare that have increased life expectancy and reduced levels of infant mortality. An important development that significantly contributed to high population growth rates during the twentieth century was the change in average family sizes worldwide. After the Second World War there was a baby boom in many countries as population growth was encouraged. By the i960s, the birth rate of many countries around the world was higher than, or significantly higher than, two children per woman. This inevitably results in high population growth. However, in recent years, the average number of children per woman has been declining around the world and this means that population growth should slow down and possibly even decrease if the world average drops to less than two children per family. r Figure 4.5 The 1950s baby boom led to increases in global population as the world recovered from the turmoilof the Second World War 4 Where are all the people? SOURCE A SOURCE C 'Beyond 2050 the world population Extract about global population change from the United Nations Population Fund may start to decrease if women -www.unfpa.org across the world will have, on It took hundreds of thousands of years for the world population to grow to 1 billion average, less than 2 children. But - then in just another 200 years or so, it grew sevenfold' ln 2011, the global that decrease will be slow.'- Hans population reached the 7 billion mark, and today, it stands at about 7.3 billion. Rosling, founder of Gapminder This dramatic growth has been driven largely by increasing numbers of people 'By improving health, empowering surviving to reproductive age, and has been accompanied by major changes in women, population growth comes fertility rates, increasing urbanization and accelerating migration. These trends down.'- Bill Gates will have far-reaching implications for generations to come. SOURCE B I Table 4.1 The average number of children per woman in a cross section of countries over the past 60+ Years Average number of children per woman COUNTRY 1950 1970 1990 2010 Paraguay r 6.5 5.7 4.5 2.9 South Africa 6.4 5.6 3.7 2.5 Nigeria lndia I 6.4 5.9 6.5 5.5 6.5 3.9 6 2.6 1.6 1.4 Japan o 3.5 2.1 Brazil 6.2 5.0 2.8 1.8 Romania I 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.4 France I 2.8 2.5 1.8 2.O lndividuals and Societies for the lB MYP 3: by Concept SOURCE D ACTIVITY: The pattern of global population change ATL r lnformation literacy skills: IVlake connections between various sources of information 1 According to Source A, what factors would lead to a slowing down of global population levels? Explain why you think this might/ would occur. 2 Study the data in Source B. Are there any patterns in the changes affecting the number of children per woman in the cross section of countries shown? 3 Are there anomalies? Why might this be the case? Antarctica 4 Which countries would be experiencing the I Figure 4.6 Pie chart showing the proportion of people following: per continent,2016 a) rapid population growth b) population growth o Popu lation term i nology 5 c) declining population? Using Source C and your own knowledge, what do you think are some of the implications of o Birth rate - The number of live births per continued population growth? What problems 1000 people per year might occur as a result of this growth? o Death rate - The number of deaths per 5 What information does Source D provide? 1000 people per year Write down three conclusions you can draw o lnfant mortality rate - The number of deaths from the pie chart. of children under the age of one year per 7 lt is predicted that the population of Africa 1000 live births will increase rapidly during the twenty-first. Life expectancy - The expected average life century. What do you think might be some of span of people in a particular population the challenges and opportunities associated. Natural increase - The rate of population with this? growth calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate Assessment opportu n ities r This activity can be assessed using Criterion D:Thinking critically (strands i and ii). 4 Where are all the people? What processes contribute to population change? SOURCE A There are a varrety of processes that contribute towards population change, the most important of which are: birth rate, death rate and migration. BIRTH RATE r Figure 4.7 A family planning poster The birth rate of a society is an important factor in from the Singapore population growth or decline. lt is the number of government made during the 1970s to live births per 1OO0 people per year. lf this number is encourage couples relatively high we expect to see increases in population to have smaller Both high and low birth rates can put pressure on families, as part of societies. High birth rates lead to large numbers of the 'Stop at Two' campaign young people within a society who subsequently need education and opportunities in the workforce. Low birth rates, on the other hand, can lead to a lack SOURCE B of people to do certain jobs within a society and an Extract about family planning policies introduced in ageing population that needs to be supported. Singapore during the twentieth century from As we saw on pages 85 and 86, the increase in global https : /h e m e mb e r si n g a p o r e. o rg / population is starting to slow which is an indicator After the Second World Wal Singapore experienced a that, globally, birth rates are decreasing. There are post-war baby boom. Overcrowding became a social a variety of reasons why societies see reductions issue, leading to various problems in housing, education, in birth rates. One is to do with education about medical and sanitation. After Singapore's independence, family planning and birth control (for example, the former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was concerned that use of contraceptives), another is to do with female the uncontrolled growing population would put stress on empowerment and having the choice to have no the economy of a developing Singapore. Thus, the National children or a smaller number of children. Family Programme was launched with the Family Planning and Population Board (FPPB) established in 1966. Governments in the past have often been concerned about the birth rate in their countries. Some have The campaign reached its peak after 1970, when introduced laws relating to birth control while others abortion and sterilisation were legalised. Women have encouraged higher numbers of births to increase deemed low-educated with low incomes were urged to the size of the population. go for sterilisation after their second child, and a range of disincentives, such as lesser benefits in maternity leaves, housing allocations, tax deductions and children's educations, was implemented for those [that] had three or more. The campaign also aimed to discourage families to stop trying for a boy after having two girls. E lndividuals and Societies for the lB IVIYP 3: by Concept  ACTIVITY: Family planning in Singapore Take action: Women's and girls' rights ATL 'Women's status in society has become the r lnformation literacy skills: Make connections standard by which humanity's progress toward between various sources of information civility and peace can be measured.'- Mahnaz r Critical-thinking skills: Gather and organize Afkhami relevant information to formulate an argument 'The abuse of women and girls is the most pervasive and unaddressed human rights 1 What is the message of Source A? What are violation on earth. Women's inequality has the values and limitations of it as a source of profoundly affected our world.' - Jimmy Carter, information? former president of the IJSA 2 According to Source B, why did the ! One of the reasons for declining birth rates is to Singaporean government launch its birth do with female empowerment and the choice to control and family planning measures? have fewer children or no children at all. lVlany 3 What were the methods used to implement women in the world live in developed countries this policy? Are there any ethical issues with that offer a good education and economic and social opportunities. Women's rights have these methods? gradually improved in these societies through 4 According to Source C, what evidence is there the twentieth and twenty-first centuries but of the success of this policy? What challenges there are still many examples of the oppression might Singapore face nowadays as a result of of women and girls in the world today. the birth rate in recent years? 5 Should governments try to control the size of ! One of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is gender equality. their populations? Write a few paragraphs in Take action by exploring how you can have response to this question. Try to bring in some an impact in your community on this goal: specific supporting examples. www. g I o ba I g oa I s. o rglg I o ba I - g oa I s/g en de r- eq u a I ity/ Assessment opportunities r ln this activity you have practised skills that are assessed using Criterion D:Thinkinq critically (strandsi, ii and iv). SOURCE C Average number of children per woman in Singapore between 1950 and 2010 r Figure 4.8 Gender equality Goal 5 of the UN 1950 - 6.5 children 1990 - 1.8 children Sustainable Development Goals 1960 - 5.8 children 2000 - 1.6 children ! You could create a presentation to raise 1970 - 3.2 children 20'10 - 'l ,3 children awareness about inequality in different countries, or set up a group to look at how 1980 - 1.8 children women and girls are treated in your school 4 Where are all the people? DEATH RATE The death rate is another factor that contributes towards population change. lt is a measure of the number of deaths per 1000 people in a particular country or region in a year. Understanding the death rate also involves understanding life expectancy, which is the average age people are expected to live is until. lf the life expectancy of a particular society I Figure 4.9 Factors that contribute higher then the overall death rate decreases. to increased life expectancy A number of factors contribute towards a lower death rate and higher life expectancy, many of which are to do with the level of development within a country. The more developed a country is, typically, the more healthy its population will be. Better services, such as health facilities, better doctor- patient ratios and a higher quality of life all contribute towards a higher life expectancy. Conversely, less developed countries tend to have a lower life expectancy as typically the health services are of a poorer quality and the overall living standards are poorer. ln addition, the death rate in a society can change quickly if there is some kind of crisis or disaster, as shown in Table 4.2. I Table 4.2 Factors that can severely affect the death rate Factors that can severelY affect the death rate Explanation Example Conflict and war Conflict and war lead to dramatic loss First World War - approximately 3B million deaths of life as well as injuries to people that Second World War - approximately 60 million deaths affect their overall quality of life. Epidemics Diseases that spread as epidemics can Spanish Flu epidemic - approximately 50 million deaths have severe effects on population sizes Durrng the medieval era, outbreaks of the plague killed huge proportions of populations. Natural disasters Floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, Earthquake in Haiti in 2011 - approximately 316000 volcanoes and other natural disasters deaths can strike with deadly consequences. Famine and drought When the food or water supply becomes Ethiopian famine in 1984 - more than 400000 deaths. extremely low the result is famine and Famine in China during the late 1950s, early 1960s - drought. many millions died lndividuals and Societies for the lB MYP 3: by Concept  ACTIVITY: Living longer ATL o Explain - Give a detailed account including reasons or causes r Communication skills: Use appropriate forms of writing for different purposes and audiences From lB lr/lYP lndividuals and Societies Guide, 2014 Create a magazine article about an area of the Aim to write 400-700 words. Include images to world where life expectancy is very high. You could give your work some visual interest. lnclude a choose a location from Figure 4.10. bibliography of the sources you used at the end of the article. Within the article discuss the role of the following: diet, climate and environment, lifestyle, standards of healthcare and sanitation, safety of the society. Assessment opportu n ities Within your magazine article you should answer the r ln this activity you have practised skills that research question: are assessed using Criterion A: Knowing and understanding (strands i and ii) and Criterion C: 'Explain the different reasons why people are living Communicating (strands i, ii and iii). longer in lcountry namel; 90 B8 86 g 384 82 E' UI o o (o o.; o @ G v G o CL o (o 80 N o O) (! = rE o E E G (o O) 3 o o (o (o o (9 l^ I G i; E 7B = Life expectancy 2016 estimate r Figure 4.10 Highest ranking countries for life expectancy (based on 2016 estimate, data from I Figure 4.11 An elderly woman in Japan cooking fish - CIA Ihe World Factbook) an important part of the Japanese diet Considering your audience One of the communication skills that you develop article. How could supporting evidence and as part of your lndividuals and societies course examples bring your article to life? is producing work that is appropriate for the ln pairs, discuss how you would communicate intended audience. your ideas in the following situations and the When writing a magazine article: differences in how you would do this for:. Think about the information your audience. a newspaper front page and story needs and expects. What age might they be?. an advert for a product that you have designed How would these things affect the way you. an infographic for primary school students might write your article?. an essay question written for your teacher.. Think about the style of writing, structure and By considering your audience, you improve your presentation that allow you to make a quality Criterion C: Communicating skills. 4 Where are all the people? MIGRATION The third factor that contributes towards the levels of population in a country is migration. Migration refers to the movement of people either out of (emigration)or into (immigration) a particular country. This number fluctuates depending on a range of circumstances. The reasons why people leave a country or move to another country are known as push and pull factors. r Table 4.3 Push and pull factors Push factors Pull factors Lack of economic opportunities - there may not be many jobs Education - the opportunity to study in a different country or wages may be too low people may see a better quality of life in a different Choice - Conflict - people may be trying to escape war country Refugees - they can no longer live in their home country, often Family and friends - people may move to be with family/friends because of war or political oppression in a different country Natural disasters - if a country is prone to natural disasters, Environment - another country may have appealing natural or people may leave in order to be in a more safe or stable urban environments country Economic opportunities - another country may offer a variety of jobs, good pay and social security lVost of the time, migration would only have a slight impact on population levels as the proportion of people leaving and entering a country is only a small proportion of the whole. However, there have been times in history when migration levels have been very significant and have affected the overall demographics of a particular country. For example, after the Second World War in Europe, many millions of people (especially Germans and Poles)were displaced and there were a number of years following the conflict when people migrated and settled into different areas of Europe. Another type of migration that affects countries is internal migration - moving within a particular country. This often takes the form of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of economic opportunities. lndividuals and Societies for the lB IVYP 3: by r Figure 4.12 Ellis lsland and the Statue of Liberty - the first view that many migrants get of the USA when entering from a different country. lVany immigrants were stationed on Ellis lsland before gaining official permission to enter the United States ACTIVITY: Compass points discussion on migration ATL r Critical-thinking skills WHAT DO YOU NEED TO Develop contrary or KNOW ABOUT THIS IDEA TO MAKE A DECISION? opposing arguments Hold a class discussion using the following prompt: 'lmmigration and emigration should be encouraged by different governments around the world.' WHAT WORRIES WHAT EXCITES YOU ABOUT COMPASS YOU ABOUT Use the compass points in THIS IDEA? POINTS THIS IDEA? Figure 4.13 to help you to structure your ideas. s Assessment ' opportunities e ln this activity you have WHAT IS YOUR STANCE practised skills that are OR SUGGESTION FOR assessed using Criterion MOVING FORWARD C: WITH THIS IDEA? Communicating. I Figure 4.13 Structuring ideas for discussion 4 Where are all the people? How can we model populati I n change? 'Demography' is a term used to describe the study of population, using statistics to explain changes in population sizes in the past and to make predictions into the future Demographers are interested in the changing patterns of birth rate, death rate and migration levels as well as rates of disease in different societies. Various methods, known as models, can be used to make predictions for future population growth Stage 3 - The late expanding stage of the model and change. One of these models is known as the sees a continued decline in the death rate and a decline Demographic Transition N/odel (DTN/). in the birth rate. Population continues to increase during this stage. Birth rates decline as infant mortality The idea behind the DTIVI is that societies move through rates are reduced and there is less emphasis in society the different stages of population structure depending on having large families. on their level of development. The stages are as follows: Stage 4 - The low stationary stage, which many Stage 1 - ln this stage, often known as high countries in the world are in now, reflects a stabilising stationary, both the birth rate and death rate are time for overall population. Birth rates continue to fall very high. They therefore cancel each other out to and death rates stay low. As the birth rate consistently lead to no (or slight) population growth. This was the falls, this leads to situations where many families have stage that much of the world was in prior to 1800 on average two children or less. This naturally leads to when the patterns began to change. The reason a stabilising of population growth. lt is predicted that for the high birth rate was the need for workers on the world will be moving into this stage in the twenty- farms, social encouragement of large families due to first century. the high numbers of infant deaths and also religious encouragement. Nowadays this type of situation is rare Stage 5 - Often viewed as a theoretical stage but but some remote tribal communities may demonstrate increasingly becoming a feature of the world, this stage this structure in their population pattern. is known as the declining stage. ln this stage we see birth rates dropping below death rates. The reason for Stage 2 - ln this stage, known as early expanding, this today is largely the choices people are making to we see the maintenance of high birth rates but a have small families or not to have children at all. This drop in death rates. The drop in death rates is mainly can lead to a declining population over time. Countries due to medical and sanitation improvements. Overall such as ltaly and Spain have seen this happen in their population begins to increase quite rapidly during recent history. this stage. lndividuals and Societies for the lB MYP 3: by Concept  Male ACTIVITY: Modelling Age r 00+ Female population change 95-99 90-94 85+9 ATL 80-84 75-79 7U]4 r Critical-thinking skills: lnterpret data 65-69 60-64 t List the reasons for the following features of 55-59 50-54 the Demographic Transition Model: 4549 4044 a) High birth and death rates in Stage l 35-39 b) Falling death rate in Stage 2 30-34 25-29 c) Falling birth rate in Stage 3 20-24 d) Continued population increase in Stage 4 15-19 10-14 e) Declining population in Stage 5 5-9 2 Choose one of the population pyramids on the 04 right and give three conclusions you can draw 87 6s 43210 0l234s67I percentaqe percentaqe from it. Suggest what stage of the Demographic r Figure 4.15 Population pyramid for the Democratic Transition Modelyou think it lies in. Republic of Congo, 2015 3 For the country where you live, look online for a population pyramid to show recent data Male Age Female on the structure of the population. Copy the 1 00+ pyramid and annotate it to explain what it 95-99 shows. State what stage of the Demographic 9C-94 85-89 Transition Model you think it is in. This website 80-84 can help you with this task: 75-79 70-74 https://populationpyramid. neti 65-69 60-64 55-59 Assessment opportu n ities 50-54 4549 r ln this activity you have practised skills that 4044 35-39 are assessed using Criterion D:Thinking 30-34 critically (strand i). 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 04 POPULATION PYRAMIDS 87 6s 43210 Percentage 01234567 percentage 8 The population of a country can be visually represented I Figure 4.15 Population pyramid for ltaly, 2015 using a population pyramid as seen in the examples on this page. The populatron pyramid shows the percentage of the population of a country who are REFLECTION either male or female and what age group they are in. These pyramids help to give an overall understanding What do you think are the values and limitations of population structure and to predict how it might of using models to represent and interpret population sizes and structures? change in future years. 4 Where are all the people? What are some of the social issues that can be caused by population change? Changes in the population structure of socreties can lead to specific social issues that can present a challenge for governments. The following case studies can be used to explain the effects of population change on a society Fnrget it. Ioo vlutzlh traffia. DllLs16Rd,ar r Figure 4.17 Political cartoon about population Drscuss what isthe message of this cartoon? what do you think the artist is trying to say? Do you agree? lndividuals and Societies for the lB MYP 3: by Concept CASE STUDY - OVERCROWDING IN LAGOS, NIGERIA Lagos is the largest city in Africa and the former capital of Nigeria. lt is a port city with an estimated population of around '16 million (though figures vary). lt is Africa's first megacity (a city of over 10 million people) and it has significant economic power both regionally and globally. The city's high population is partly due to large numbers of migrant workers moving to the city from other parts of the country and also high birth rates that continue to be a feature of Nigeria's population structure. For instance, in 2015 the average number of children per woman was 5.9. This is a very high number compared to global averages that are closer to two children. High birth rates and a large influx of people into Lagos have led to a number of social issues. First is the issue of overcrowding, with many people living in slum areas of the city. This includes the floating villages of lVakoko where living conditions are particularly difficult. Sanitation is a problem in these areas, which means that diseases can thrive more easily. Overcrowding also leads to increased levels of crime. ln these poor conditions, people are forced to find innovative ways of improving their lives. For example, scavenging for scrap metal among the rubbish dumps can be a means of generating more income. The second social issue that results from the population structure is the large proportion of the population at a young age. Young people need schooling and later on they need jobs. With such high numbers of young people in the city it is difficult to provide adequate schooling for all and there will also be increased competition for jobs for this generation. This can lead to high levels of unemployment, which itself causes a number of social issues. Despite these social issues, Lagos is a thriving city that boasts some of the highest standards of living in Africa. Culturally the city is vibrant and significant, with an eclectic music and film scene. r Figure 4.18 Traffic jams in Lagos, Nigeria 4 Where are allthe people?  SOURCE A Extract from the Gulf News Nigeria is the continent's largest country when it comes to population, with around 160 million people, and the UN estimates it could grow to around 400 million by 2050. Lagos, with its ostentatious* mansions, overcrowded slums, flickering electricity and maddening traffic, provides an example of what such growth can look like. lts population is estimated in the range of 15 million. The challenges are immense, particularly regarding housing, infrastructure and a lack of jobs for an exploding population of youths, but experts say there is also great potential if managed properly. lf not, unemployed youths could turn to crime or, particularly in the case of Nigeria's mainly Muslim north, extremist movements, observers say. * ostentatious - designed to impress others r Figure 4.19 Location map of Lagos in West Africa E lndividuals and Societies for the lB IVYP 3: by Concept SOURCE B Extract from the Borgen Project website, a non-profit Drscuss organization that writes about poverty issues in the world According to Sources A and B, what are the The effects of overpopulation are already acute. Lagos different consequences of overcrowding in Lagos? What do you think might be some of the is currently one of the largest cities in the world with an solutions to this issue? estimated population of about 2'l million. Since many people live in slums and the government has few resources to conduct an adequate census, the real population is unknown. Links to: History Most residents of cities like Lagos live in severely 'The single story creates stereotypes, and the overcrowded slums. Many houses and apartments consist problem with stereotypes is not that they are of just one room to house entire families. More than 50 untrue, but that they are incomplete. They people can share a bathroom, sink and living space. Youth make one story become the only story.'- unemployment in urban areas is around 50 percent. This has Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, writer fueled an increase in crime which is rampant in many cities. This high level of youth unemployment has also helped fuel When exploring a topic such as poverty and overcrowding in Lagos, Nigeria, it is important the rise of militant groups like Boko Haram. not to simplify the history of the city in a negative Nigeria's fertility rate is approximately 5.5 children per light and a single narrative. This does not reflect woman. The Nigerian government has made some effort the actual reality of living there and the different to address the problem, but to no avail. lt has made experiences that exist within the city. contraceptives free but many still do not have access to Explore how historical narratives and single stories them and, in a religious society like Nigeria, their use is get created by looking at the TED talk from often frowned upon. Several government campaigns have Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie here: www.ted.com/ aimed at encouraging people to have smaller families, but talks/chimananda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_ these have failed as well and are at odds with Nigerian single_story cultural values. Many societies in Nigeria have long valued large families as a sign of prestige and many cultures practice polygamous lifestyles. ln some Nigerian villages, families with fewer than eleven children are considered small and incomplete. This problem is very common in the developing world, where impoverished families view having more children as a plus as they can help the family earn money and do chores, Given high rates of child mortality, many feel the need to have larger families as a safeguard in case some children do not make it to adulthood. 4 Where are all the people? CASE STUDY - AGEING POPULATION IN HONG KONG Hong Kong is a city in South-east Asia that has a increases. Hong Kong also has fairly high levels of population of around 7 million. lt has an uneven elderly people living in relative poverty, so providing population distribution, with some areas, such as built- a decent standard of living for these people is a up Kowloon, having extremely high population density challenge for the government. and other areas, such as the New Territories, having Having less young people in society creates economic relatively low population density. The city has high life issues; for instance, certain jobs that are traditionally expectancy and low birth rates, which means that it done by the young can no longer be fllled. This leads has an ageing population. to greater levels of immigration to fill these jobs. An ageing population means that the proportion of Ageing populations are likely to become a more elderly people in society is relatively high. This brings common feature of more societies around the world about a range of challenges. ln Hong Kong this in the twenty-first century. Figuring out the best way means there is a greater demand on health services to support this section of society while also promoting and care facilities for the elderly. lt can also lead to economic growth will be a challenge for many a change in the retirement age as life expectancy governments in the future. r Figure 4.20 Elderly residents relaxing in a park in Hong Kong lndividuals and Societies for the lB IVYP 3: by Concept CASE STUDY - DECLINING POPULATION IN DETROI]; USA Detroit, in tt/ichigan, has recently been going through a process of urban renewal, which is changing the negative outlook that has shaped the city in recent decades. Formerly the home of several automobile manufacturers, Detroit was a thriving city at the centre of the American car industry. As this industry declined, and manufacturing moved to other areas, the city fell into an era of stagnation. This led to its population declining from approximately 1.8 million people in 1950, when the manufacturing industry was at its peak, to 700 000 in 2013; Detroit is often referred to as a shrinking city. Declining populations are caused by a number of factors including low birth rates, low immigration and high emigration rates. This often happens in areas that are seen to have less economic opportunities or have become undesirable places to live. ln the case of Detroit, high numbers of people leaving the city to move elsewhere has been the main reason for the decline. Population decline has affected Detroit in numerous ways. There are large numbers of abandoned buildings, a lack of infrastructure development and high unemployment rates as there is a lack of job creation. This lack of economic opportunities can then bring about social problems such as increases in alcoholism and drug abuse. Recently, sustainability projects have been helping to rejuvenate Detroit. 4 Where are all the people? SOURCE A Extract from an article by Leon Kaye on www.theguardian.com, November 2011 After visiting Detroit for the first time in 17 years, my first jarring impression of the city was the silence. Wide boulevards approaching downtown Detroit were bereft of cars. 0nce stately neighbourhoods laden with enormous houses emitted no sounds except for my footsteps. What was once the roaring Motor City, it seemed to me, had been reduced to a mumble. But that initial snapshot belies what is occurring at the grassroots as Detroit's people work hard not only to survive, but to revive their city and even thrive. SOURCE B r Figure 4.2'l Abandoned buildings in downtown Detroit, 2008 @_ lndivid "uf r unO S*",*s for the lB IVIYP 3: by Concept]  Links to: Arts Representing socia! issues through the arts ln this section we have explored the issues of overcrowding, ageing populations and declining populations. How do you think these social issues might be represented by the arts? What role do artists (for example, painters, film-makers) have EXTENSION in portraying different environments and social ln pairs, list between 10 and 20 features of setti ngs? fair and equitable societies from your own An interesting movement that began in the ideas. Try to think of a range of features that nineteenth century but continues today is that of would make societies more fair. You could 'social realism'. This is an artistic movement that categorize the features into different themes seeks to portray real life, often representing the such as political, environmental, economic lives of poorer people in society. and social to help you to brainstorm more Pablo Picasso once said that 'art is a lie that tells examples. the truth'. What do you think he meant by this statement? ACTIVITY: Population issues ATL r Critical-thinking skills: Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations Copy and complete the following table to reflect on these population issues. Use the sources on pages 97-102 to provide evidence for each of the issues. Social issues that can Possible benefits of Possible solutions to this Population issue Define the issue result from this problem this population issue problem Overcrowding Young population Ageing population Declining population Assessment opportu n ities r This activity can be assessed using Criterion D: Thinking critically (strand ii) 4 Where are all the people?  ACTIVITY: Population infographic ATL I lnformation literacy skills: Collect, record and verify data; Access EXTENSION information to be informed and inform others How can sustainable For this task you need to create an infographic on a country of your development promote choice. The infographic should provide the following information. equaty in societies? Statistical information on: Sustainable development can help societies to become o Population size fairer places. ln 2015 the o Birth rate United Nations launched o Death rate the UN Sustainable o Life expectancy Development Goals, a o lnfant mortality series of goals to help to Visuals and graphs: make the world a better o Map place. One of the goals is o A population pyramid for sustainable cities and o Relevant image(s) to reflect population structure (for example, communities, and promotes photographs) innovative practices that will Aim to answer these questions in the written sections of the help cities to become more infographic: equitable societies. o What are the reasons for the current population structure? How do you think the o Are there any issues for the country with the existing population following practices could structure (for example, ageing population)? help cities and communities o What solutions or suggestions would you recommend for the to develop in the future? government to help the country to develop in the future?. lnvestment in public You may want to research the work of Hans Rosling to help think transport about the answers to these questions.. Cycle lanes. Recycling schemes and The infographic should be presented to a high standard, show clear reusing materials organization and pay attention to the quality of visual and written. Redevelopment of old communication. industrial areas You should also submit an action plan, including a bibliography.. The use of renewable The action plan should show details of your research, time frame, energy sources planning and design.. More focus on local food and farming Assessment opportuntttes How do you think some of these practices could help r ln this activity you have practised skills that are assessed using Criterion A: Knowing and understanding (strands i and ii), to overcome issues such Criterion B: lnvestigating (strands ii and iii) and Criterion C: as overcrowding and an Communicating (strands i, ii and iii). ageing population? @ lndividuals and Societies for the lB MYP 3: by Concept Reflection ln this chapter we have explored the changing nature of world population through history and reflected on the major factors that contribute towards population change. We took some time to identify different methods of modelling population as well as reflecting on social issues that can arise from specific population structures. Finally we discussed the ways that sustainable development can help societies to become more equitable. Use this table to reflect on your own learning in this chapter Questions we asked Answers we found Any further questions now? Factual: What has been the pattern of global population change? How can we model population change? What are some of the social issues that can be caused by population change? How can sustainable development promote equity in societies? Conceptual: What processes contribute to population change? What are the features of equitable and fair societies? Debatable: Should governments try to control the size of their populations? Approaches to learni ng you used in this chapter: Description - what new skills How well did you master the did you learn? skills? (1, c o a) 0.,.F U '= c U o (o o_ o E x z (U J L UJ Communication skills !nformation literacy skills Critical-thinking skills Learner profile attribute(s) Reflect on the importance of being a good communicator for your learning in this chapter. Communicators 4 Where are all the people?