Global Population and Mobility PDF

GE2406 GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY In today's interconnected world, understanding the dynamics of population and mobility is crucial. The growth and transformation of cities, the shifting demographics, and the patterns of human migration are all essential aspects tha...

GE2406 GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY In today's interconnected world, understanding the dynamics of population and mobility is crucial. The growth and transformation of cities, the shifting demographics, and the patterns of human migration are all essential aspects that shape our global landscape. These elements are intertwined, influencing and reflecting broader socio-economic trends and environmental challenges. The Global City A global city, also known as a world city, is a significant urban center that holds considerable influence over global economic, cultural, and political affairs. These cities act as hubs for international finance, trade, and communication. CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITION Economic Power Presence of major financial institutions, multinational corporations, and stock exchanges. Cultural Influence Diverse population, cultural institutions (museums, theaters), and media presence. Infrastructure Advanced transportation systems, communication networks, and modern amenities. Innovation Centers for technological advancements, higher education institutions, and research facilities. Examples of global cities include New York City, London, Tokyo, Paris, and Hong Kong. In the country, the term global city is split into its major sectors: Manila, Makati, Taguig, and Quezon City. Manila is the country's capital and has been established since the 16th century. It remains the seat of the national government, with some key offices within it. The displacement of its sectors is one (1) of the various factors that led to the creation of Metro Manila (i.e., the National Capital Region, NCR). Quezon City is the largest area found within Metro Manila. It hosts most of the government offices within the capital. Due to its large land area, it hosts many large businesses inside it, which include entertainment and shopping centers, among others. Makati City is the business hub of Metro Manila, as most large enterprises are found within it, which can include business process outsourcing (BPO) companies, telecommunications, and shopping centers, among others. It also hosts some government offices. Taguig City is slowly becoming another business hub of Metro Manila, largely due to Fort Bonifacio Global City and the Philippine Stock Exchange (which was previously in Makati). It hosts some government offices and some companies, such as shopping centers and BPOs. Economic and Cultural Significance Global cities drive economic growth, innovation, and cultural exchange. They are pivotal in shaping global trends and policies. These cities attract talent and investment from around the world, fostering a dynamic and competitive environment. 05 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 1 of 4  GE2406 Challenges Establishing global cities also provides challenges to the countries that have them. CHALLENGE DESCRIPTION Infrastructure Strain Overcrowding and pressure on transportation, housing, and public services. Social Inequality Disparities in wealth and access to resources. Redlining is the most commonly cited reason for the disparity. Environmental Impact Urbanization leads to pollution and resource depletion. Climate Change in Global Cities Global cities contribute significantly to climate change due to their concentrated economic activities, infrastructure development, and population density. Here are several ways global cities contribute to climate change. FACTOR DESCRIPTION Greenhouse Gases Global cities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors such as transportation (especially cars and airplanes), energy production, industries, and residential buildings. The high concentration of people and economic activities leads to increased energy consumption and, thus, higher emissions. Urban heat island effect Urban areas, especially global cities with extensive infrastructure and dense buildings, tend to have higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, results from the absorption and retention of heat by concrete, asphalt, and buildings, exacerbated by reduced vegetation cover. Consumption and Waste Global cities often drive high levels of consumption and waste generation, which contribute to environmental degradation and resource depletion. The production and disposal of goods and materials lead to emissions from manufacturing processes, as well as landfill methane emissions. Transportation Global cities are hubs of transportation networks, including roadways, ports, and airports. These transport systems contribute to emissions through vehicle exhaust, maritime shipping emissions, and aviation fuel combustion. Conversely, climate change affects global cities in various ways. 05 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 2 of 4  GE2406 IMPACT DESCRIPTION Sea Level Rise Many global cities are coastal or located near bodies of water, making them vulnerable to sea level rise. This can lead to increased flooding, coastal erosion, and damage to infrastructure. Extreme Weather Effects Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events such as hurricanes, storms, heat waves, and heavy precipitation. Global cities face increased risks of infrastructure damage, disruptions to services, and threats to public health during such events. Water Stress Climate change can alter precipitation patterns, leading to increased droughts or floods in different regions. Global cities may face challenges in managing water resources for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. Health Issues Climate change can exacerbate air pollution levels in cities, leading to respiratory diseases and other health issues. Heatwaves can also pose direct health risks, especially for vulnerable populations. Economic Disruptions Climate-related impacts can disrupt economic activities in global cities, affecting businesses, tourism, transportation, and supply chains. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies FACTOR DESCRIPTION Green Infrastructure Development of parks, green roofs, and sustainable buildings. Resilience Planning Implementing disaster preparedness and response strategies. Carbon Reduction Initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through public transportation and renewable energy projects. Global Demography Global demography is the statistical study of human populations, including their size, distribution, and trends. It provides insights into the changing patterns of population growth, aging, and migration. Population Growth Trends Currently, the global population growth trend shows a gradual decrease in the rate of growth compared to the previous decades, despite the presence of high birth rate areas (i.e., Asia and Africa). FACTOR DESCRIPTION Global Growth Rate As of recent years, the global population growth rate has been estimated to be around 1.1% per year. This rate has been gradually declining due to decreasing fertility rates in many countries, especially in developed regions. Regional Variation Population growth rates vary significantly by region. Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, has the highest population growth rate among all regions. In contrast, areas like 05 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 3 of 4  GE2406 FACTOR DESCRIPTION Europe and East Asia have much lower growth rates and even negative natural population increases in some cases. Fertility Rates Many countries have experienced declining fertility rates due to factors such as improved healthcare, education, access to contraception, urbanization, and changing social norms. This decline contributes to slower population growth. The global population is expected to reach approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, with significant growth in Africa and Asia. Furthermore, the general population's age structure will change. Youthful Populations Aging Populations Predominantly in developing countries, leading to a Predominantly in developed countries, resulting in high dependency ratio and demand for education challenges related to healthcare, pensions, and labor and employment. shortages. Urbanization involves an increase in migration from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of mega-cities. While it can drive economic development, it also poses challenges such as housing shortages and urban sprawl. Economic and Social Implications Labor Markets Healthcare Education Demographic changes impact Aging populations increase Young populations require labor supply and economic the demand for healthcare substantial investment in productivity. services. education and training. Factors Influencing the Trends Several factors can influence these projections, including: Fertility Rates. Changes in fertility rates, especially in countries where fertility remains high. Mortality Rates. Improvements in healthcare and life expectancy can affect population growth. Migration. International migration patterns can significantly impact population trends in various regions. Policy Interventions. Government policies related to family planning, immigration, and economic development can also influence population growth trajectories. Overall, while global population growth is expected to continue, the rate of growth is slowing down, with significant variations among regions. Understanding these trends is crucial for planning sustainable development, resource management, and addressing demographic challenges in the coming decades. References United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). World Urbanization Prospects. World Bank. (2023). Global Economic Prospects. Sassen, S. (2021). Cities in a World Economy. Sage Publications. 05 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 4 of 4