Module 13 The Global Demography PDF

THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Professor: John Vincent Mangahas, MAEd ©  TRIVIA: QUEZON CITY BIRTH RATE Is the most populated city 19.378 births per 1000 in the Philippines people 3,278,247 MORTAL...

THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Professor: John Vincent Mangahas, MAEd ©  TRIVIA: QUEZON CITY BIRTH RATE Is the most populated city 19.378 births per 1000 in the Philippines people 3,278,247 MORTALITY RATE Population in the Quezon 6.2 deaths/1,000 city. population CHINESE Is the most largest MIGRATION RATE immigrant group estimated -0.593 per 1000 population 59,000 registered alien. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE the leading cause of death in the Philippines  DEMOGRAPHY According to Hauser and Duncan in 1959 define demography as the study of size, territorial distribution and composition of population, changes therein and components of such changes, which may be identified as natality, mortality, territorial movement (migration) and social mobility (change of social status). According to Anderson, this definition sets demography as the basis for all the social sciences.  DEMOGRAPHY According to Anderson, demography studies the following: 1. Population Size – the number of people in a country, a state, a city, a region or the world at a given time. 2. Population Growth or Decline – changes in the number of people in a given geographic area over time. 3. Population Processes – fertility, mortality and migration.  DEMOGRAPHY 4. Factors Related to Population Processes – diseases and socioeconomic characteristics related to mortality, family formation, labor force participation, government policies related to fertility, difference in income and opportunities in various areas, war and immigration policies and economic conditions motivating migration. 5. Population Distribution – geographic distribution, such as among states or between rural and urban areas.  According to Anderson, there are two ways of thinking about population change: Aggregate and Causal or Micro- behavioral Approach. AGGREGATE APPROACH CAUSAL OR MICRO-BEHAVIORAL APPROACH Malthus believed that population Malthus suggested that individuals growth tends to happen much faster could prevent overpopulation by than the growth of food production, making personal choices, such as leading to large-scale shortages and delaying marriage or having fewer problems like famine, poverty, and children, which would reduce the disease. pressure on resources.  THEORIES ON DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GROWTH Confucius in 500 BC explained that when the population was too small, there were very few to till the land and taxes were not paid. To Confucius, a large population is helpful for a productive society. A society would work well if the people were educated and trusted their rulers. He added that when population was too large, poverty and hardships followed.  THEORIES ON DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GROWTH Plato in 400 BC argued that population should not grow or shrink rapidly, as rapid population could lead to social disruption. He suggested that the quality of the population is more important than its quantity and recommended that only fit men should have children. Aristotle, suggested that population should be limited and its growth should in fact be moderate. If the population is too large, it could disrupt democratic governance. To Aristotle, infanticide and abortion could be necessary to limit the population growth.  THEORIES ON DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GROWTH Malthusian Approaches to Population Growth- He believes that the source of high population growth was the lack of moral restraint of people due to man’s natural tendency to reproduce. He argued that the only acceptable ways to limit fertility was refraining from premarital sex and postponing marriage until the couple can support their offspring, referring to these as preventive checks to population growth otherwise known as moral restraint. Neo-Malthusianism- refers to the belief that population control through the use of contraception is essential for the survival of the earth's human population. 1st DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by FRANK NOTESTEIN 1 2 3 4 Pre- Early Late Post- Industrial Transition Transition Transition Society 1st DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by FRANK NOTESTEIN The death and birth rates are very high and are imbalanced. In this stage when the levels of 1 technology and medicine are still low, the population growth is kept in check through preventive and positive checks. Several factors Pre- explain the short life expectancy of people in this Industrial stage. The death rates are high due to a poor diet, Society poor sanitation and hygiene and lack of appropriate medical care. 1st DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by FRANK NOTESTEIN During this period, death rates are significantly reduced. Modern medicine and an improved food supply, specifically for children and better 2 education reduce the number of deaths caused by diseases and malnutrition. At the same time, Early the high birth rate is maintained due to lack of Transition contraception which in turn causes a rapid growth in population. At this stage, people have a longer life expectancy. 1st DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by FRANK NOTESTEIN At this stage, birth rates start to fall with advances in medicine and contraception methods and increased awareness through health education. While birth 3 rate decline is largely attributed to the use of contraceptives, changes in values and motivations surrounding childbirth are beginning to shift. Late Women begin to assume roles beyond the raising of Transition children and maintenance of households. Women are educated and eventually assume economic and social roles. 1st DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by FRANK NOTESTEIN At this stage, the birth and death rates are both low. Wealthier societies tend to achieve this phenomenon resulting in a more stable society. Countries with wealthy economies, family planning, better healthcare systems, 4 high levels of education and higher social and economic enfranchisement for women tend to maintain low birth and death rates. However, when birth rates drop to a level Post- that limits society’s ability to supply future workers and Transition leaders for the economic and political survival or the society, there are alarming economic and political consequences. 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa Structural Cultural Technological Changes Changes Changes 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa o Modernization o The growth of the service economy and the welfare state Structural o The expansion of higher Changes education. 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa o Secularization- This means that society is becoming less influenced by religion and traditional beliefs. People rely more on science, reason, and personal choices rather than religious rules. o The rise of individualistic values- Over time, people focus more on their own lives and happiness rather than just following community or family traditions. Cultural o The importance of self-expression and self-fulfillment- Changes People prioritize expressing their feelings, talents, and personal dreams. They aim to lead a life that makes them feel happy and fulfilled, instead of just doing what others expect of them. 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa o The adoption of modern contraception. o The advances in assisted reproduction. Technological o The explosion of new information Changes technologies. 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa INCREASING AGE AT INCREASES IN FIRST MARRIAGE INSTANCES OF DIVORCE INCREASES IN PRE- PRACTICE AND MARITAL ACCEPTANCE OF COHABITATION (LIVE- SAME-SEX MARRIAGES IN) INCREASE IN RATE OF CHILDBIRTH OUTSIDE MARRIAGE 2nd DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY by Van de Kaa Phase I (1955-1970) – characterized by increasing divorce rates, decline in fertility, older age of marriage and the contraceptive revolution, meaning more effective contraceptives and change in use. Phase II (1971-1985) – features a rise in premarital cohabitation (live-in) and non-marital childbirth (single parents or childbirth during live-in). Phase III (1985-present) – shows a stagnating divorce rate, fewer remarriages and rise in fertility rate. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!