Unit 3. Basic Structure and Types of Scientific Paper PDF

BASIC STRUCTURE AND CATEGORIES OF SCIENTIFIC PAPER MLS 307 Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science Research College of Allied Medical Professions Lyceum of the Philippines University- Batangas Types of Writing  Materials published in journals may be cla...

BASIC STRUCTURE AND CATEGORIES OF SCIENTIFIC PAPER MLS 307 Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science Research College of Allied Medical Professions Lyceum of the Philippines University- Batangas Types of Writing  Materials published in journals may be classified into a variety of categories.  The paper types are dependent on the editorial policy, and the mission and scope of the individual journal.  Whole range: include theses/dissertations, books, grant applications  Journal papers: most regarded by researchers and institutions; undergoes rigorous peer review process Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 SCIENTIFIC PAPER  also known as "journal article“  published in a periodical called a journal  has been subjected to the scrutiny of several experts in the field who verify the quality of the writing and the accuracy of the analysis and conclusions drawn by the authors (peer reviewed)  the content is stable, the journal is readily available in libraries and through the web, and there are standardized methods of identifying a particular article (citable)  include citations; the paper frequently makes reference to previous publications that are relevant to the work being discussed  follows a general outline and standardized style of writing and data presentation https://researchguides.library.vanderbilt.edu/c.php? g=69346&p=831584 Categories of Scientific Paper  Original Article: the most important type of paper; provides new information based on original research; usually prospective and is supported by in-depth statistical analysis Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522  Categories of Scientific Paper  Case Report: a description of a single case with unique features; Examples: previously unreported observation of a recognized disease, the unique use of imaging or diagnostic test to reveal a disease, previously unreported clinical condition, previously unreported treatment in a recognized disease, or previously unreported complication of a procedure Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 Types of Scientific Paper  Technical Note: also known as Technical Innovation; is a description of a specific technique or procedure, modification of an existing technique, or new equipment applicable to a branch of medicine Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 Types of Scientific Paper  Pictorial Essay: a teaching article that relies on the quality of its images; text is usually limited with much of the message contained in the figure legends Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 Types of Scientific Paper  Review: detailed analysis of recent developments on a specific topic; serves to highlight important points that have been previously reported in the literature; does not introduce new information Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 Types of Scientific Paper  Commentary: a short article that describes an author's personal experience of a specific topic; subject may be controversial; the author's perspective is provided; does not introduce new information Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 Types of Scientific Paper  Editorial: may take several forms; a short review or critique of original articles accepted for publication in the same issue of the journal; brief description of a subject that does not warrant a full review Peh, W. & Ng, K (2008). Effective Medical Writing Singapore Med J 49(7) : 522 BASIC STRUCTURE Standard components: Title, Title Page Abstract, Keywords Body of the paper (IMRAD) Tables, graphs, figures Conclusion Recommendation References Appendices BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords Most readers will encounter the title of your study first, so it should be appropriately descriptive. Encompassing Serves as a framework of the study It should not have more than 20 words Does not include unnecessary words (e.g. Study of, An inquiry into, An analysis, An investigation of, etc. Think international! BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords M. Borbon, personal communication, Sept. 15, 2022 BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords Improving Titles A qualitative and quantitative study of Typhoon Rosing’s damage to the mango trees of the Fruit Crops Orchard, College, Laguna and Sta. Filomena, San Pablo City Typhoon Rosing’s damage to two mango orchards in Laguna BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords Improving Titles Compatibility of chemicals for mango production Flowering and fruit-setting of mango sprayed with potassium-nitrate pesticide BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords Improving Titles Prevalence of Coliform Bacteria in the Water Supplying Barangay Sta. Clara, Batangas City Coliform Contamination of Water Supply in a locale in Batangas City, Philippines BASIC STRUCTURE: Title, Abstract, Keywords The abstract summarizes the content of the article. The structure of the abstract will be defined by the journal. The journal will also indicate a limit on words for the abstract, usually between 250 to 500 words. One journal estimates that 50% of its website traffic comes from Google, so including keywords in the title that might be used in a literature search will allow more readers to find your study. BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction Introduce a specific topic Provide a background information about what has already been done by others supported by a limited number of relevant references Inform about the purpose of the paper, what it will address, and how it relates to previous work. BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction 1. Importance of the study a. Why undertake this research? (Problem) 2. Background information a. What have others done? (Context) b. Provide evidence supported by limited number of relevant references (Gap) 3. Purpose of study a. How does it relate to what has already been written? b. What is so difference or special about your research?  BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction  THE 3 PARAGRAPH RULE What is the problem? Describe the problem to be investigated Summarize relevant research to provide context and concepts so your reader can understand the experiment Why is it important? Review relevant research to provide rationale; show the gap What solutions do you propose? Briefly describe your ideas: hypothesis(ies); aim(s); research question(s); general experimental design or method, justification BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction  THE 3 PARAGRAPH RULE 1st 2nd 3rd  State the  Review literature  The hypothesis, concept, problem to support purpose and aim or disease uncertainty of the study  State impact or  Did the studies significance answer a key  State question? uncertainty/contr  Are there oversy in conflicting literature results?  Limitations of previous results? BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction  COMMON ERRORS Overlong and rambling introduction section Extensive listing of references/review (discussion) Extensive critique of others’ work or unfounded claims about primacy or uniqueness of own work Important previous work missing (insufficient research) Objectives not clearly stated, unfocused or too many Inclusion of data (results) or conclusions BASIC STRUCTURE: Introduction Examples: Introducing a Concept “Emerging evidence suggests that...” “It has been hypothesized that...” Introducing Studies “Data from these studies show that...” “Recent studies indicate...” Introducing Limitations “These studies, however, are limited by...” Introducing Uncertainty “Few studies has been conducted in..., where the risk factors are unclear...” BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature Focused: The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic. Concise: Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you need to present your ideas. Logical: The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next Developed: Don’t leave the story half told. Integrative: Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. Current: Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to organize studies? Chronological – o By publication date o By trend Thematic o A structure which considers different themes Methodological o Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  Summary table It is useful to prepare. Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information. Data Type of Key Author Sample Design Collection Study Findings Approach BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to write? Agreements Similarly, author B points to… Likewise, author C makes the case that… Author D also makes this point… Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D… Disagreements However, author B points to… On the other hand, author C makes the case that… Conversely, Author D argues… Nevertheless, what author E suggests… BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to write? Active or Passive voice  You should use, where appropriate, both active and passive voice  As a general rule, use active voice unless there is good reason not to BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to write? Verb tenses – Present  A review of current research work, or research work of immediate relevance to your study. Example: Schulze (2002) concludes that hydraulic rate has a significant effect on future performance.  Comments, explanations, and evaluative statements made by you when you are reviewing previous studies. Examples: Therefore, this sequential approach is impractical in the real world where projects are typically large and the activities from one stage may be carried out in parallel with the activities of another stage. The reason for this anomalous result is that the tests were done at low hydraulic rates at which the plastic packing was not completely wetted. BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to write? Verb tenses – Past Report the contents, findings or conclusions of past research Examples: Haberfield (1998) showed that the velocity of many enzyme reactions was slowed down if the end product had an increased paramagnetism. Allington (1999) found that the temperatures varied significantly over time. BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  How to write? Verb tenses – Present perfect  In citations where the focus is on the research area of several authors Examples: Several studies have provided support for the suggestion that the amount of phonological recoding that is carried out depends on orthographic depth (Frost, 1994; Smart et al, 1997; Katz & Feldman, 2001, 2002). Joint roughness has been characterized by a number of authors (Renger, 1990; Feker & Rengers, 1997; Wu & Ali, 2000).  To generalize about the extent of the previous research Examples: Many studies have been conducted in this field. Few researchers have examined this technique. There has been extensive research into......... BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature  Common errors in reviewing literature Hurrying through review to get started could mean that you will miss something that will improve your research. Relying too heavily upon secondary sources. Concentrating on findings rather than methods. Overlooking sources other than academic journals. Don’t forget newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, etc. (minimal). Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic. Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic information. BASIC STRUCTURE: Review of Literature M. Borbon, personal communication, Sept. 15, 2022 BASIC STRUCTURE: Methodology This is the map to be followed when conducting the research. The details should be clear enough that someone else could recreate the steps you took in conducting your research. Composed of several subsections, each labeled with its own subheading. Protocols for new methods should be included, but well-established protocols may simply be referenced. This includes procedures that will allow you to generate data/results which will answer your objectives. https://www.scribd.com/document/446802910/G-Portney-4th-Edition-Foundations-of-Clinical-Research-Applications-to- Practice BASIC STRUCTURE: Methodology  Sub-sections: Research Design A” prospective cross-sectional online questionnaire design …..” Participants of the Study “Adults (age 18) who lived in the United Kingdom will be invited to participate in the online study. Snowball sampling will be used to maximize recruitment during the lockdown period.” Data Gathering Instrument “The research will use the survey questionnaire as the main BASIC STRUCTURE: Methodology  Sub-sections: Data Gathering Procedure “Online platform (Google forms) will be utilized in administering the questionnaires to the selected respondents… Purposive recruitment of the respondents …” Ethical Consideration “Ethical clearance for the study will be obtained from the LPU-B Research Ethics Review Committee..” Statistical Analysis “Sample size will be obtained using the non-probability sampling method. The data from the questionnaires will be statistically analyzed, tabulated, and interpreted by the researchers. Collected data will be statistically analyzed using..” BASIC STRUCTURE: Methodology … or MATERIALS AND METHODS (experimental)  Example of subsections/subheadings: Plant Collection and Authentication Plant Extraction Phytochemical Analysis Microorganism Used Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Biosafety and Biosecurity Protocol  Subheadings depend on the actual materials and methods of the study. BASIC STRUCTURE: Methodology M. Borbon, personal communication, Sept. 15, 2022 BASIC STRUCTURE: Results and Discussion  Present the results: description of all findings; the narrative should present general descriptions of findings, and the tables and figures will present the details.  The discussion may begin with an overview of findings. It should describe the importance of the findings, not simply reiterate the results, with a focus on explanations and interpretations of the observed outcomes, emphasizing how they either support or refute previous work or clinical theories.  Analyze and interpret the results.  Make an implication: provide reasons why such results occurred.  Justify: use related journals/literatures to back up the results or claims; either confirm or contradict the results.  The R&D section should provide details that are required to support the conclusions of the paper.  The section may be divided into subsections, each with a concise subheading.  The results section should be written in the past tense. BASIC STRUCTURE: Results and Discussion  Purpose of R&D: To present the results and make them meaningful to the reader.  What is the answer?  What are the implication of the answers?  Are the findings consistent with previous research or do they counter previous findings?  Posit why this might be, particularly if your findings differ from others BASIC STRUCTURE: Results and Discussion https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/28029/03chapter5-7.pdf? BASIC STRUCTURE: Conclusion  The conclusion is a brief restatement of the purpose of the study and its principal findings.  It is often written to state the deductions made from the results.  Phrases like “the results of this study indicate” and “this study demonstrates” serve to link the summary of results and the meaning of those results.  This section may be a subheading or it may be the final paragraph in the discussion. https://www.scribd.com/document/446802910/G-Portney-4th-Edition-Foundations-of-Clinical-Research-Applications-to- Practice BASIC STRUCTURE: Conclusion M. Borbon, personal communication, Sept. 15, 2022 BASIC STRUCTURE: Conclusion  Common problems: The conclusion is too long. There are too much unnecessary details. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues. Failure to reveal the complexities of a conclusion or situation. Lack of concise summary of what was learned. Failure to match the objectives of the research. BASIC STRUCTURE: Conclusion BASIC STRUCTURE: Recommendation  This section suggests further research.  Recommendation answers ‘What now?”  The suggested action should be explicit and detailed.  Include a brief “How” to implement or the next step. BASIC STRUCTURE: References  All information, methods, data, diagrams and maps, whether obtained or based on the work of others, must be acknowledged using one of the referencing styles recommended.  Follow the recommendations of the American Psychological Association (APA) 7th Edition, which requires references to be cited by author and year within parentheses in the text and alphabetical in the reference list. BASIC STRUCTURE: Appendices  Appendices contain materials that are too detailed to include in the main body of the paper.  Each appendix must be labelled with a number (or letter) and title  The appendix numbers and titles must be listed on the Contents page under the heading Appendices (if more than one) or Appendix (if only one)  Each appendix must be referred to by number (or letter) at the relevant point in the text. Reques Consen Statistical Plagiarism t Letter t Form Questionnaire Output Test Sample Paper: Descriptive Study https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00253/full Sample Paper: Experimental Study https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.40.2.144.5847 Sotero H. Laurel Learning Resource Center https://lpubatangas.edu.ph/shl-learning-resource- center/