Unit 1. The Beginning of the Middle Ages.pdf

Unit 1. The Beginning of the Middle Ages 2º ESO BIL. - The Middle Ages concept. - The Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe. - The Byzantine Empire. EXAM STRUCTURE - TRUE O...

Unit 1. The Beginning of the Middle Ages 2º ESO BIL. - The Middle Ages concept. - The Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe. - The Byzantine Empire. EXAM STRUCTURE - TRUE OR FALSE. CORRECT THE FALSE ONE. 2 POINTS. - CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 2 POINTS. - MAP AND EXERCISES. 2 POINTS. - DEFINITIONS. 1.5 POINTS. - SHORT QUESTIONS. 1.5 POINTS. - ART QUESTIONS. 1 POINT. UNIT ACTIVITIES - TEXTBOOK: A. Introduction to history. pp. 8-9. B. The Visigothic Kingdom dossier. p. 15. C. The Carolingian Empire dossier. p. 19. D. Where does English come from? (Unit project). p. 34. GERMANIC KINGDOMS MAP AND QUESTIONS (exam). BYZANTINE EMPIRE MAP AND QUESTIONS (exam).  UNIT DEFINITION WORDS - MIDDLE AGES: it was a historical period that started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476) and ended with the Discovery of America (1492). - EDICT OF MILAN: it was an imperial decree made by Constantine that legalized Christianity in Roman Empire. - CONSTANTINOPLE: it was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It was founded by emperor Constantine in the year 330. Before that, it was a Greek colony known as Byzantium. Today it is the city of Istanbul. - BASILEUS: it is the Greek name for emperor. - THE JUSTINIAN CODE: it was a set of Roman laws reunited by emperor Justinian in the 6th century. It was important because it influenced later legal codes. - THE GREAT SCHISM (1054): it was the break between the Byzantine Church and the Catholic Church because the Byzantine Church didn’t accept the Pope’s supreme rule. It was the origin of Eastern Orthodox Churches. - THE ORTHODOX CHURCH: it is a Christian branch that originated from the Eastern Churches that didn’t accept Pope’s supreme rule. Nowadays, it is spread in Eastern Europe countries like Russia. - GREEK CROSS PLAN: it is a plan where all four arms have the same length. - DOME: it is a hemispherical roof used to cover churches or other kinds of buildings. - ICONS: they are religious images painted to be venerated. What the **** is “History”? It’s the set of events experienced by humans in the past. It’s also the science that investigates the events, ways of life, culture and social interactions from previous eras. What is the scientific method? Choose a subject to investigate, and formulate a hypothesis (a probable explanation to it) Look for information consulting different sources. Check and analyse the information. Come to a conclusion, and compare it to the original hypothesis. Then, it can be published. What are the sources? Historical sources are pieces of the past that have survived until today. They are classified into: ○ Primary sources: the original document, artwork, object, construction, made by the original author. ○ Secondary sources: an investigation, commentary, study… made by another person on the original piece of information. Historians must decide if the sources are authentic and reliable; if they are objective or subjective information; and if they have got mistakes. They must consult as many sources as possible. Most material sources are kept (museums, archives, libraries…). Non material sources are preserved by the society. What is historical time? Different cultures and civilizations have their own way to measure time, based on the events that have happened to them. In the Western World, we take Jesus’ birth as year 1, and is the most common reference. Activities Find in which year we are in the Chinese, Muslim and Jewish calendars. Which animal does the chinese calendar take for this present year? What is the “Hégira”? What does begin with that event? What are the names of the 5 time periods? When did “history” begin? Which event did “start” history? What happened in the year 476 (beggining of the Middle Ages)?  WHAT WAS THE MIDDLE AGES? IT WAS A HISTORICAL PERIOD THAT BEGAN WITH THE FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (476) AND ENDED WITH THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA (1492).  STAGES CHARACTERISTICS Ancient world fragmentation Germanic kingdoms - Byzantine Empire - Islamic World Feudalism Economic growth - rural world - Romanesque art Crisis The Black Death - urban world - Gothic art For the Romans, people living outside of their empire were “barbarians”, which means to be foreign, but also savage and uncivilized. - The Germanic peoples lived in the north and east of Europe. They were nomadic tribes. - The Huns were nomadic too, and they came from Asia. - In the African part of the Roman Empire, only a few nomadic tribes lived. - The Huns attacked the Germanic tribes and the Roman Emperors were forced to make a pact with the Germanic tribes, offering them lands inside the Roman Empire’s territory. THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE CHANGES OF THE THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE THE CRISIS OF THE 4th CENTURY (THE 5th CENTURY) 3rd CENTURY CONSTANTINE (306-337): - WEAKNESS OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (A RURAL - 313: THE EDICT OF - ECONOMIC CRISIS. MILAN LEGALISED ECONOMY AND A POOR ARMY). - URBAN LIFE DECLINE. CHRISTIANISM. - INVASIONS OF BARBARIAN 330: FOUNDATION OF TRIBES (GOTHS, HUNS…). MANY - - BARBARIAN TRIBES CONSTANTINOPLE THREAT. (THE NEW ROME). SETTLED INTO ROMAN - SPIRITUAL CRISIS: RISE THEODOSIUS (379-395): TERRITORIES CREATING THEIR OF CHRISTIANITY. - INTERN CONFLICTS OWN KINGDOMS. (LITTLE CIVIL WARS) - 395: ROMAN EMPIRE - THE LAST WESTERN EMPEROR DIVISION IN A WESTERN PART AND (ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS) WAS AN EASTERN PART. DEPOSED BY BARBARIANS. Division of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire, year 395 Constantine, first Christian Roman emperor  The Hun empire, 5th Century Romulus Augustulus surrenders his crown to Odoacer, barbarian general Attila, King of the Huns  THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS KINGDOMS LIST A TIME OF CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES - The Ostrogothic CHANGES CONTINUITIES Kingdom: Italy and ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER THE ROMAN EMPIRE Dalmacy. - The Visigothic Politics Politics Politics Kingdom: Southern - A single powerful - Weaker monarchies. - Adoption of Roman law Gaul and Hispania. - Different law codes to unify German state. peoples and Romans. - The Frankish based on customs. - A unified law code. Kingdom: the north of Gaul. Economy Economy Economy - The Kingdom of - A complex economy. - Simple economy based - Roman coins. the Burgundians: - International trade. on agriculture. - Coins. the center of the Gaul. Society Society Society - The Kingdom of - Rural society. - Marriages between - Urban society. Vandals: the north Romans and Germans. of Africa. - Anglo-Saxons Culture Culture Culture Kingdoms: - Latin for high culture. - Latin. - Different languages. Britannia. - Christianity. - Christianity. THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS MAP EXERCISES - Did the main Germanic tribes invasions happen in the East or in the West of the Roman Empire. - Which Germanic tribe occupied Italy? Which ones occupied Hispania? - Which Germanic tribe occupied most of the Gaul? Which one occupied the North of Africa? - Looking at the map, would you say that after the invasions, was there a powerful single state in Western Mediterranean or were there many kingdoms? - After the invasions, society became mostly rural or urban? - After the invasions, which two peoples had to live together? - To unify them, what element adopted the new kingdoms? - Which cultural common element had both peoples?  THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM (409-711) I Political evolution - How did Visigoths come to Hispania? a) Visigoths: an Eastern Europe Germanic tribe + they were Arians (a Christian heresy). b) In 409, Suebi, Vandals and Alans invaded Hispania and Romans used Visigoths as an army to expel them. In return, Romans allowed Visigoths to settle in Hispania and the south of Gaul (the capital was in Tolouse). c) Visigoths were defeated by Franks in the sixth century and centered their efforts in Hispania, where they fought against Suebi, Vascones and Byzantines. Toledo was the new capital of the kingdom. - A period of consolidation: thanks to three strong monarchs. a) Leovigildo: he defeated Byzantines, conquered the Suebi Kingdom (Gallaecia) and contained Vascones. He unified the kingdom politically. b) Recaredo: he became Catholic and unified the kingdom religiously. c) Recesvinto: he created a new law code based on Roman law. He promoted a legal union between Visigoths and Hispano-Roman peoples (Fuero Juzgo). - The final crisis: nobles fought each other to become kings (elective monarchy) + Muslims took advantage of that situation and invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711.  THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM (409-711) II Economy and society - A rural economy: it was based on agriculture and most people lived in the countryside. There were a few cities, they were ancient Roman cities where the king, nobles and bishops lived. - A stratified society: at first, there were a rigid division between Visigoths and Hispano- Roman people. When the kingdom evolved, there were a mix of both peoples. The king, nobles and the Church owned the most part of land. Most part of the population were poor peasants, servants and some slaves. Culture and art - Culture: a) There was a fusion between Germanic traditions and more complex Roman culture (ex. language). b) The Church: churchmen kept Roman legacy and culture (latin, ,literature, religion…) and gave famous intellectuals like San Isidoro de Sevilla (he wrote The Etymologiae, where he summarised all the ancient wisdom of the Roman past). - Art: a) Architecture: Visigoths only built some small churches like San Juan de Baños or San Pedro de la Nave. However, they preserved some Roman art aspects like columns and vaults. They implemented some innovations like horseshoe arches. b) Goldsmithing: it was their traditional art. It was useful to decorate clothes and as a sign of social status (luxury).  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_BK0oy3P7Y (10:47-19:08) FROM THE FRANKISH KINGDOM TO THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE - Clovis and the creation of a Frankish kingdom (5th century): the Frankish were a Germanic tribe that occupied the northern part of the Gaul (France) + king Clovis converted into Catholicism and obtained the support of Roman habitants in Gaul + He conquered the Kingdom of the Burgundians (in the center of Gaul) and the south of the Gaul to the Visigoths unifying the Gaul. - Weakness of Frankish kings: the power was actually in the hands of the Mayor of the Palace (a high official who served to the king). - Charles Martel: very powerful Mayor of the Palace + he defeated Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732) and stopped their expansion. - Pepin the Short: the son of Charles Martel + his family was so famous that he became king of the Frankish + father of Charlemagne. CHARLEMAGNE (768-814) - Conquests: the North of Italy + Saxony (northern Germany) + creation of the Hispanic March (Iberian Pyrenees) to defend the kingdom from the Iberian Muslims. - Christmas (800 AD): the Pope crowned him emperor (prestige and power). - The capital was in Aachen: creation of a luxurious palace + Charlemagne promoted culture in his Court (the Carolingian Renaissance) and recovered part of the Roman heritage with the help of wise churchmen. - Organizing an empire: 1. Counties: territories with a main city + administered by a count. 2. Marches: frontier territories + protected by an army that was commanded by a marquis. 3. Missi dominici: officials sent by the emperor to control counts and marquesses. THE END OF THE CAROLINGIAN WORLD - Louis the Pious reign: his sons fought against him to control the empire. - Treaty of Verdun (843 AD): it was an agreement between Louis´s sons to divide the empire. 1. Lothar: emperor title + Lotharingia (Flanders + Rhin river Valley) + Italy. 2. Charles the Bald: western part (future France). 3. Louis the German: Eastern part (future Germany). - After that: 1. France. 2. Germany became the Holy Roman Empire. 3. There was a distribution of Lothar territories between the previous two.  BYZANTINE EMPIRE TIMELINE 395: Division of the 1054: The Great Schism. Roman Empire. 527-565: Justinian reign. FOUNDATION SPLENDOUR WITHDRAWAL AND RECOVERY DECLINE 7th and 8th centuries: Arab invasions. 1204: the crusaders took 1453: Turks conquered 330: Foundation of Constantinople. Constantinople. Constantinople. 8th and 9th centuries: 476: fall of the Western Iconoclastic Controversy. Roman Empire.  THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (395-1453) POLITICAL EVOLUTION - THE ORIGINS (395-500): a) Originally, it was the eastern part of the Roman Empire (after Theodosius division) and its capital was Constantinople (ancient Greek colony of Byzantium). b) It was the richest part of the Empire because it has prosperous territories like Syria, Egypt or Asia Minor coast. c) The main language of the Empire was Greek, not Latin. d) The Christian Church was under the control of the emperor (Basileus). - JUSTINIAN (527-565): a) He was an ambitious emperor who wanted to restore the ancient Roman Empire glory and conquered many territories like the North of Africa (Vandals), Italy (Ostrogoths) and the south of Hispania (Visigoths). b) He implemented a new legal code (Justinian Code) which reunited the main aspects of Roman Law and it became very influential in medieval Europe. c) He promoted arts, like the building of the Church of Hagia Sophia. - A SLOW DECLINE (650-1453): a) After the expensive Justinian policies and many wars against Persians, the Byzantine Empire became weaker against enemies like Arabs, Slavs or Western European Kingdoms. The Empire lost territories gradually. However, it was an important state during the Middle Ages and influenced Slavic peoples. b) The Byzantine Empire ended when Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Turks in 1453. Some historians consider this date as the end of the Middle Ages. WESTERN EUROPEAN KINGDOMS SLAVS TURKS ARABS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE MAP EXERCISES - Was the Byzantine Empire in the eastern or in the western part of the Roman Empire? - Which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and why did it give the name to the Empire? - Under which emperor did the Byzantine Empire had its bigger extension? Which regions did he added to the Empire? - Which two important things did that emperor apart from conquering new territories? - After the Arabs invasions, which regions did the Empire lose in the East and Africa? - After Western European kingdoms invasions, which regions did the Empire lose in Europe? - With which people had the Byzantine Empire a crucial influence? - Which was the last important city of the Byzantine Empire and which year was it conquered by the Turks?  THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (395-1453) ECONOMY-SOCIETY-RELIGION Economy and society - An urban economy: Byzantine economy was based on being the gateway between Europe and Asia + cities as centers of trade + the use of gold coins (solidus) + the trade of luxury goods like silk, spices, etc. - A stratified society: the emperor (militar, civil and religious powers) + aristocracy (landowners) + civil servants + merchants and artisans (urban population) + free peasants. Religion The Byzantine Empire was Christian but the Eastern Church developed its own rites and eventually it became the Orthodox Church. a) The Great Schism (1054): the Byzantine Church didn’t recognize the supreme authority of the Pope of Rome and it separated creating the Orthodox Church. b) Christianization of Slavs: Byzantines spread Christianity among Slavs. It helped to create the first Slavic states like Russia.  BYZANTINE ART I CHARACTERISTICS Byzantine art was an aulic and religious art. That means: 1. Aulic art: it was designed to show the greatness of Byzantine basileus. Consequence: big buildings + rich materials + representations of Court ceremonials. 2. Religious art: it tried to educate people in Orthodox Church teachings. Consequence: religious buildings + religious iconography. THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA MOSAICS (6th century) They were one of the most popular It was built in Constantinople during the forms of art and they were used to reign of Justinian. It was the biggest decorate churches and palaces. They Christian Church in Europe until the usually showed religious subjects. building of Seville Cathedral. Now it is a Byzantine artists tried to show things mosque. in a more symbolic and abstract way - Greek Cross plan: the shape of than Greek and Roman artists. the church is a cross inside a Byzantine art also created icons: square. A Greek cross means that religious images painted to be all four arms are the same length. venerated. - A dome: a hemispherical roof. Byzantine art was very influential: 1. Western Europe (ex. Italy): it provided ways of representation for a Christian art. 2. Slavic culture (ex. Russia): slavic countries developed an art adapting Byzantine style (ex. icons).  BYZANTINE ART II THE BASILICA OF HAGIA SOPHIA BYZANTINE ART III RAVENNA MOSAICS  BYZANTINE ART IV INFLUENCE IN ITALY Byzantine style mosaics in Sicily Saint Mark’s Cathedral (Venice)  BYZANTINE ART V INFLUENCE IN RUSSIA THE HOLY TRINITY (ANDREI RUBLEV) Cathedral of Hagia Sophia (Kiev) THE VIRGIN OF VLADIMIR