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Questions and Answers
Constantine was the first Christian Roman emperor.
True
The Roman Empire was fully intact until the year 500.
False
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313.
True
Primary sources are original documents created by the original author.
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Barbarian tribes were not a factor in the decline of the Western Roman Empire.
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After the fall of the Roman Empire, powerful monarchies replaced the Roman political structure.
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Historians only need to consult one source to determine the authenticity of historical information.
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The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the year 476.
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The Germans were known for being settled agriculturalists who built large cities within the Roman Empire.
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The Hégira marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
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Study Notes
Historical Sources
- Primary sources are original documents, artworks, or objects made by the original author.
- Secondary sources involve investigations or commentaries created by others analyzing primary sources.
- Authenticity and reliability of sources must be assessed; historians must determine if information is objective or subjective.
- Material sources are typically preserved in museums, archives, and libraries; non-material sources are cultural or societal legacies.
Historical Time
- Different cultures measure time differently, often based on significant events.
- In the Western world, the birth of Jesus Christ is commonly referenced as Year 1.
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
- The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages.
- Significant transitions included:
- Fragmentation into Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic World.
- A feudalistic system emerged characterized by economic growth and Romanesque art.
- A crisis period included events like the Black Death and shifts toward Gothic art.
The Germanic Peoples
- Romans referred to non-Romans as "barbarians," viewed as uncivilized.
- Germanic tribes were nomadic and often in conflict with the Huns, nomadic invaders from Asia.
Key Figures
- Constantine established Constantinople and legalized Christianity.
- Theodosius divided the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western parts in 395 AD.
- Romulus Augustulus became the last Roman emperor, deposed by barbarian general Odoacer.
The Carolingian Empire
- Clovis unified Gaul under the Frankish Kingdom and converted to Catholicism.
- Charles Martel was crucial in halting Muslim expansion at the Battle of Tours (732 AD).
- Charlemagne, crowned emperor in 800 AD, promoted culture and organized his empire into counties and marches.
Byzantine Empire
- Originated as the eastern part of the Roman Empire; focused in Constantinople.
- Justinian (527-565 AD) attempted to restore former glory through conquests and legal reforms, such as the Justinian Code.
- The empire weakened over time, facing invasions and internal challenges, ultimately falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
Byzantine Art
- The Church of Hagia Sophia, built under Justinian, was significant for its architectural grandeur.
- Mosaics became popular artistic expressions, portraying religious themes and symbols.
- Byzantine art influenced Western Europe through its styles and techniques, particularly in church design and iconography.
The Great Schism
- In 1054, a significant division occurred in Christianity, leading to the separation of the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) churches.
Transition of Empires
- After the Treaty of Verdun (843 AD), the Carolingian Empire split into future France and Germany, marking significant political reorganization in medieval Europe.
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Description
This quiz explores the classification of historical sources, focusing on primary and secondary sources. Understand the distinctions between original documents and commentary by historians. Test your knowledge of how to evaluate and decide the credibility of various sources.
