Understanding Disasters and Risk Reduction PDF

Understanding Disasters and Risk Reduction Question Answer What is a disaster according to the United Nations Office for A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)?...

Understanding Disasters and Risk Reduction Question Answer What is a disaster according to the United Nations Office for A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)? a community or a society, causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its resources. What is a disaster according to the World Health Organization A disaster is described as an occurrence that causes damage, (WHO)? ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. How are disasters understood in contemporary academia? In contemporary academia, disasters are perceived as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk, which is the result of a combination of hazards and vulnerability. What is the relationship between hazards and vulnerability in the Risks are produced when hazards occur in conjunction with context of disasters? vulnerabilities; hazards in areas of low vulnerability are less likely to result in disasters. Define the term 'hazard' in the context of disaster risk reduction. A hazard is a potentially damaging event, phenomenon, or human activity that can cause the loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. Define vulnerability in the context of disaster risk reduction. Vulnerability refers to the conditions resulting from physical, social, economic, and environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impacts of hazards. What are the two essential components that contribute to the risk The two essential components that contribute to the risk of a of a disaster? disaster are hazards and vulnerabilities. What is the significance of understanding disasters as a Understanding disasters as a combination of hazards and combination of hazards and vulnerabilities? vulnerabilities allows for more effective disaster risk reduction strategies that focus on managing and reducing both elements. What types of losses and impacts can disasters cause? Disasters can cause human losses (like casualties), material losses (such as property damage), economic losses (like reduced productivity), and environmental impacts (such as resource degradation). What does the term 'extraordinary response' entail in the context An extraordinary response refers to the level of assistance and of disasters? intervention required from outside the affected community or area to address the needs and challenges caused by the disaster. Why is disaster readiness important in the context of DRRR Disaster readiness is important because it ensures communities (Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction)? are prepared to respond effectively to disasters, minimizing risk and enhancing resilience against hazards. What key factors can enhance a community's resilience to Key factors include effective planning, public education and disasters? awareness, resource availability, community engagement, and infrastructure development. How does effective disaster risk reduction contribute to Effective disaster risk reduction contributes to sustainable sustainable development? development by protecting lives, minimizing the economic impact of disasters, preserving ecosystems, and ensuring community wellbeing. What role does the community play in disaster risk reduction? The community plays a crucial role by being actively involved in disaster preparedness activities, risk assessment, and response planning to enhance local resilience. What percentage of all deaths caused by hazards occur in More than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries according to Quarantelli (1998)? developing countries. Question Answer How much greater are losses due to natural hazards in Losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater as a developing countries as a percentage of GDP compared to percentage of GDP in developing countries than in industrialized industrialized countries, as stated by Ballesteros (2008)? countries. What is the first step in minimizing the effects of disasters? Being aware of the nature of hazards and their potential impact on people and other elements at risk is the first step in every effort to minimize the effects of disasters. What are the characteristics of disasters? Disasters are inherently unexpected or occur quickly with little or no warning, leading to widespread death, injury, and property damage. What types of events cause disasters? Disasters can be caused by both man-made events and natural events. Why is understanding hazards, exposure, and vulnerability Understanding hazards, exposure, and vulnerability is essential important in disaster management? in disaster management as it aids in assessing risks and strategizing for disaster response and mitigation. Define 'natural hazards' in the context of disasters. Natural hazards are environmental events that can cause harm to people and property, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and droughts. What impact do disasters generally have on developing countries Disasters generally have a significantly higher impact on compared to industrialized nations? developing countries, with greater loss of life and economic cost relative to their GDP compared to industrialized nations. What role does warning play in the context of disasters? Disasters often occur with little or no warning, making preparedness and response challenging. What elements are at risk during a disaster? Elements at risk during a disaster include human life, property, infrastructure, and the environment. What is the significance of timely warnings and hazard-related Timely warnings and hazard-related information are crucial information during disasters? because they enable individuals, communities, and governments to prepare for and respond to disasters more effectively. They help mitigate risks and reduce potential harm by informing people about impending threats. What does it mean when it is said that disasters cannot be This means that typical routine procedures and resources are managed through normal means? insufficient to address the scale and complexity of disasters. Disasters often require extraordinary responses, coordination, and support from various stakeholders including government and non-government organizations. What roles do National Government Agencies (NGAs) and Non- NGAs provide essential coordination, resources, and policies at Government Organizations (NGOs) play during disasters? the national level for disaster response and recovery. NGOs assist by offering additional resources, volunteer efforts, specialized knowledge, and support to affected communities. Their collaboration is vital to meet the needs of disaster victims. Why is there a need for immediate intervention during a disaster? Immediate intervention is necessary because the immediate aftermath of a disaster often results in chaos and overwhelming needs that surpass what local and national government resources can handle. Quick action is essential to save lives, provide medical attention, and begin recovery efforts. What occurs when a President declares a state of emergency? When a President declares a state of emergency, it typically allows for the mobilization of resources, implementation of response strategies, and coordination among various agencies to manage the disaster effectively. This declaration usually triggers specific legal and operational procedures. Question Answer What are the characteristics of disasters mentioned in the text? 1. Disasters know no political boundaries, affecting people regardless of government or jurisdiction. 2. They require the formation of restructured and new response organizations to manage the unique challenges posed by the disaster. 3. Disasters create new tasks and responsibilities for responding agencies and organizations. What challenges do local government units (LGUs) face during a Local government units often face overwhelming demands during disaster? disasters that exceed their capacity to respond effectively. They may lack the necessary resources, manpower, and coordination to handle the situation without assistance from national or non- government entities. How can the impact of disasters be mitigated? The impact of disasters can be mitigated through proactive measures such as effective risk assessment, community preparedness programs, timely information dissemination, and establishment of response protocols that involve both government and non-government organizations. What implications do disasters have on the requirement for Disasters require more people as disaster responders to manage disaster responders? the consequences and conduct recovery efforts effectively. How does a disaster render routine emergency response Disasters can render routine emergency response equipment equipment and facilities? and facilities useless, as they may not be suitable for the magnitudes or types of emergencies that occur. What impact do disasters have on the roles of people and Disasters can worsen confusion among responders about their organizations involved in disaster response? roles and responsibilities, leading to ineffective management during emergencies. What are the implications of a lack of disaster planning and A lack of disaster planning and response can expose the response? inadequacy of coordination and proper role identification among inexperienced disaster organizations, resulting in ineffective relief efforts. What are the medical effects of disasters? The medical effects can include traumatic injuries, emotional stress, the spread of epidemic diseases, and the exacerbation of indigenous diseases. What are the broader impacts of disasters beyond immediate Beyond deaths and physical destruction, disasters can lead to physical damage? the destruction of crops, a decrease in the quality and quantity of water, and disruption of essential services. What challenges arise from the timing and enormity of natural The failure to anticipate the timing and magnitude of natural hazards? hazards leaves little lead time for preparedness actions, such as evacuations and reinforcing structures, which can increase risk. What kinds of facilities can disasters destroy or damage? Widespread disasters can destroy or damage critical facilities necessary for public safety, health, and infrastructure, leading to further complications in response efforts. Why is it important to have trained disaster responders? Trained disaster responders are crucial to effectively manage emergencies, navigate confusion in roles, and ensure coordinated responses to minimize damage and support recovery. What steps can be taken to prepare for potential disasters? Preparedness actions may include developing emergency plans, conducting drills, strengthening infrastructure, coordinating with local agencies, and securing necessary resources. What critical facilities are essential for maintaining a safe Critical facilities include communication installations, electrical environment and public order during a disaster? generating and transmission facilities, hospitals, water storage, purification and pumping facilities, and other public and private buildings. How does a disaster disrupt transportation during its initial During the initial stages of a disaster, surface means of stages? transportation are disrupted due to broken bridges, impassable roads, and streets caused by landslides or floods, restricting mobility and complicating emergency operations. Question Answer What challenges arise from restricted mobility during a disaster? Restricted mobility of vehicles during a disaster makes rescue operations and other emergency activities significantly more difficult, leading to delayed response times and increased danger for affected individuals. What economic impacts can result from disasters affecting critical Disasters can lead to significant economic impacts by disrupting facilities? normal business operations and economic activities due to damage to critical transportation and communication facilities. People often leave their jobs to engage in disaster-related activities, like search and rescue. What role do hospitals play in disaster response? Hospitals are critical facilities that offer medical treatment and emergency care during a disaster, making their functionality and accessibility vital for saving lives. What is the significance of water facilities during a disaster? Water facilities, including storage, purification, and pumping systems, are essential for providing clean water and sanitation during a disaster, which can help prevent health crises. Identify two types of transportation disruptions caused by 1. Broken bridges that prevent vehicle access. 2. Roads or streets disasters. made impassable due to landslides or floods. In what ways can economic activities be curtailed by disasters? Economic activities are curtailed when businesses are damaged or forced to close, employees are unable to reach their workplaces, and resources are reallocated to disaster response efforts instead of regular economic activities. What is meant by 'public order' in the context of disaster Public order refers to the state of peace and safety within a management? community, which can be threatened during a disaster, necessitating effective emergency response measures to maintain stability. What is the main cause of global climate change as mentioned in The main causes of global climate change mentioned in the text the text? are human activity and disasters. What are some predicted consequences of global climate Consequences of global climate change could include more change? severe cyclonic storms, an increase in flooding and drought, and a trend towards desertification. What range of new hazards could result from changes brought New hazards could include wildfires, mudslides, reduced about by global climate change? productivity in the oceans, and weakened immune systems in people and animals. How does global climate change disproportionately affect Developing countries are disproportionately affected because a developing countries? large segment of their population consists of the poor, who are most vulnerable to disasters due to their living conditions. Why are the poor particularly vulnerable to disasters like The poor are particularly vulnerable because they often live in earthquakes and typhoons? unreinforced and poorly built structures, which tend to be located in marginal lands. What social and political impacts can occur as a result of natural Natural disasters can lead to increased vulnerability, disasters in poorer communities? displacement, loss of livelihoods, and exacerbate existing social inequalities, which can cause social unrest and political instability. Give examples of environmental changes that could result from Examples of environmental changes from global climate change global climate change. include increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, changing weather patterns, and ecological disturbances such as wildfires and mudslides. What role does human activity play in global environmental Human activity contributes to global environmental changes changes? through industrialization, deforestation, emissions of greenhouse gases, and urbanization, leading to adverse climate effects. What are potential health impacts of global environmental Potential health impacts include weakened immune systems, changes on people and animals? increased susceptibility to disease, and threats to food security due to reduced agricultural productivity. Question Answer Discuss the concept of desertification in relation to global climate Desertification refers to the process by which fertile land change. becomes desert as a result of various factors, including climate change, which can lead to loss of arable land and increased dryness in impacted regions. What was one major political change influenced by the exposure The formation of the state of Bangladesh from Pakistan was a of inequities in Pakistan? major political change triggered by the exposure of inequities in the treatment of East Pakistan by the more affluent West Pakistan. What natural disaster contributed to the formation of Bangladesh? The tropical cyclone and storm surge known as Ayumayum contributed to the formation of Bangladesh. What are the four factors that the United Nations University uses The four factors are: a) Exposure - the amount of natural hazards to calculate the World Risk Index? an area is exposed to, b) Susceptibility - the levels of infrastructure, poverty, and nutrition, c) Coping Capacities - the ability to resist the impact of natural disasters through disaster preparedness, d) Adaptive Capacities - the capacity to make structural changes to reduce the impact of natural disasters in the future. What does 'Exposure' refer to in the context of the World Risk Exposure refers to the amount of natural hazards an area is Index? exposed to. Define 'Susceptibility' as outlined by the World Risk Index factors. Susceptibility refers to the levels of infrastructure, poverty, and nutrition in a region. What are 'Coping Capacities' according to the United Nations Coping Capacities are the ability to resist the impact of natural University's World Risk Index? disasters through disaster preparedness. Explain 'Adaptive Capacities' in relation to natural disasters. Adaptive Capacities refer to the ability of a region to make structural changes to reduce the impact of natural disasters in the future. How do natural disasters expose inequities in societies? Natural disasters can expose inequities in societies by revealing the disparity in treatment, resources, and preparedness between different regions or groups, often leading to significant political and social changes. What are the four factors that affect disaster risk, and which one The four factors are exposure, vulnerability, capacity, and hazard. is out of our control? Exposure is the only factor that is completely out of our control. What is the relationship between poverty and disaster risk? Poverty exacerbates vulnerability, capacity, and exposure, making individuals and communities more susceptible to the impacts of disasters. What was Super Typhoon Haiyan also known as, and when did it Super Typhoon Haiyan is also known as Super Typhoon Yolanda. make landfall? It made landfall in the Philippines on November 8, 2013. What were the categories of impact caused by Super Typhoon Super Typhoon Haiyan affected more than 14 million people, Haiyan? displaced 4.1 million people, killed more than 6,000 people, and left approximately 1,800 people missing. Define disaster risk according to the text provided. Disaster risk is the possibility that something unpleasant or unwelcome will happen, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary. How does riding motorbikes illustrate the concept of risk? Riding motorbikes involves risks because there is a possibility of experiencing an accident while riding. List some activities mentioned that are attended by risks. Climbing mountains, going to the beach, visiting Baguio City for excursion are all activities that involve risks. What specific risks are associated with climbing mountains, Climbing mountains may expose one to deadly bacteria, going to visiting the beach, and traveling to Baguio City? the beach may lead to drowning by a tsunami, and traveling to Baguio City may result in being buried under a landslide along Kennon road. What general observation can be made about risks in different The observation is that risks are inherent in many activities, activities mentioned in the text? which involves the possibility of exposure to various dangers. Question Answer What is Disaster Risk? Disaster Risk refers to the possibility of injury, loss of life, destruction of or damage to livelihood, assets, services, and the environment due to a disaster occurring within a specified period of time. What are common stress reactions to disasters? Stress reactions after a disaster can manifest as a full range of mental and physical responses. Individuals may experience symptoms similar to those seen after any traumatic event, and reactions can also be triggered by problems that arise post- disaster, which may remind individuals of the traumatic experience. What are the factors that increase the likelihood of severe stress There are several factors that may contribute to more severe or reactions after disasters? longer-lasting stress reactions after disasters, including the severity of exposure, proximity to victims, and the nature of one's exposure to the disaster. How does the severity of exposure relate to disaster stress The severity of exposure to a disaster is strongly linked to the risk reactions? of developing future mental health issues. Individuals who have directly experienced the disaster face the highest risks, followed by those who are in close contact with victims. Those with indirect exposure, such as learning about severe damage through news reports, face lower risks of lasting impact. What groups are at highest risk for lasting stress impacts after a Individuals who have experienced the disaster firsthand, followed disaster? closely by those who have been in close contact with disaster victims, are at the highest risk for lasting stress impacts. Indirectly exposed individuals face a lower risk. What types of reactions can disasters cause? Disasters can elicit both mental and physical reactions, including anxiety, depression, PTSD symptoms, and various physical stress responses such as elevated heart rate or changes in sleep patterns. What role does proximity to disaster victims play in stress Proximity to disaster victims plays a significant role in stress reactions? reactions, as those who are closest to victims may experience heightened stress and emotional distress compared to those who have no direct connection. What is indirect exposure in the context of disasters? Indirect exposure refers to learning about the disaster through media channels or reports rather than experiencing it firsthand or being in close contact with those who were affected. This group generally faces a lower risk of lasting impact from the disaster. What factors lead most often to mental health problems after Injury and life threats are the leading factors that contribute to severe natural disasters? mental health problems following severe natural disasters. What percentage of disaster survivors suffers from distress or Studies show that at least half of survivors of severe natural mental health problems requiring clinical care? disasters suffer from distress or mental health problems that need clinical care. Which natural disasters have been studied in relation to mental Studies have looked at severe natural disasters such as the health problems? Armenian earthquake, mudslides in Mexico, and Hurricane Andrew in the US. How do gender differences impact mental health recovery after Women or girls almost always experience more negative effects disasters? than men or boys following disasters. What is the relationship between the presence of children at Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in home and disaster recovery stress? the home. How does having a spouse affect women's distress during Women with spouses experience more distress during disaster disaster recovery? recovery. What is the impact of having a distressed family member during Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed disaster recovery? is related to increased stress for everyone in the household. What effect does marital stress have after disasters? Marital stress has been found to increase after disasters. Question Answer What familial conflicts can hinder recovery from disasters? Conflicts between family members or a lack of support in the home make it harder for individuals to recover from disasters. Which age group is likely to experience more distress after Adults in the age range from 40 to 60 are likely to be more disasters? distressed after disasters. What is a factor that exacerbates distress among adults aged 40 The text suggests that this age group may feel more distress due to 60 after disasters? to various life stressors, responsibilities, and vulnerabilities associated with this stage of life. What is a common reaction of children to natural disasters Children generally show more severe distress after natural compared to adults? disasters than adults. How does parental stress impact children's recovery after a Higher stress in parents is related to worse recovery outcomes disaster? for children. List several factors that can negatively impact recovery from a 1. Not functioning well before the disaster. 2. Lack of experience disaster. dealing with disasters. 3. Dealing with other stressors following the disaster. 4. Poor self-esteem. 5. Feelings of being uncared for. 6. Little control over the events. 7. Inability to manage stress. What is the role of social support in recovery from disasters? Social support can act as both a risk factor and a resilience factor. Its availability may weaken after disasters due to stress and the need for support network members to focus on their own lives. What are the implications of having low or negative social Low or negative social support can hinder recovery, as support after a disaster? individuals may feel isolated and lack the assistance needed to cope with the aftermath. What can exacerbate the effects of a disaster on children? 1. Previous lack of functioning prior to the disaster. 2. Inexperienced in handling disasters. 3. Additional stressors encountered post-disaster. 4. Low self-esteem. 5. Perception of being uncared for. 6. Lack of control over the disaster events. 7. Inadequate stress management skills. How might a person's background affect their recovery from a A survivor’s background, including psychological readiness, life disaster? experiences, and existing resources, significantly influences their recovery process after a disaster. What is a common negative response people may have towards People may play down their problems, needs, or pain, or expect trauma survivors? them to recover more quickly. How is negative feedback from others linked to trauma survivors? Negative feedback is strongly linked to long-term distress in trauma survivors. List some factors that predict worse outcomes for trauma a. Bereavement (death of someone close) b. Injury to self or survivors. another family member (life threat) c. Panic, horror, or feelings during the disaster d. Being separated from family (especially among youth) e. Great loss of property f. Displacement (being forced to leave home) g. Developing Countries. How does bereavement affect trauma survivors? The death of someone close can predict worse outcomes in trauma survivors. What impact does injury to self or a family member have in the Injury to self or another family member indicates a life threat context of trauma? which can lead to worse psychological outcomes. Why are feelings of panic and horror significant in trauma Experiencing panic, horror, or other intense feelings during a situations? disaster can predict worse outcomes for trauma survivors. What effect does separation from family have on youth during a Being separated from family can lead to additional psychological disaster? distress, particularly among youth. What is the impact of great loss of property in traumatic Great loss of property can exacerbate trauma and lead to worse situations? emotional and mental health outcomes. How does displacement affect trauma survivors? Displacement, or being forced to leave one's home, can lead to increased psychological distress for trauma survivors. Question Answer How do disasters in developing countries differ in their mental Disasters in developing countries have more severe mental health impacts compared to developed countries? health impacts than disasters in developed countries, even if the disasters themselves are less serious. What is the general perception of natural disasters versus human- Natural disasters are generally thought to be less serious than caused disasters in developed countries? human-caused disasters. What does the evidence suggest about the severity of natural In developing countries, natural disasters tend to have more disasters in developing countries? severe effects on mental health than human-caused disasters. What are some social consequences of disasters in developed After mass trauma, social conflicts may re-emerge, including countries? racial, religious, ethnic, social, and tribal divisions over access to resources. Family conflicts can arise when family members experience different aspects of the disaster, leading to misunderstandings and varied recovery paths. Family members might also remind each other of the disaster, potentially causing distress. Define 'exposure' in the context of disaster risk management. Exposure refers to the degree to which elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of various magnitudes. It involves the participation of both living (human populations) and non-living (infrastructure, environment) entities in a phenomenon over a specified period. What are elements at risk in the context of exposure and Elements at risk include any living or non-living things that are vulnerability? vulnerable to hazards, whether they originate from natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods) or man-made events (e.g., industrial accidents). How do family dynamics change after a disaster? Family dynamics may shift as members cope differently based on their individual experiences during the disaster. This can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and stress, as some family members may struggle to process their experiences while others have a different recovery trajectory. What is the role of resource access after a disaster? Access to resources becomes critical after a disaster, and competition for these resources can exacerbate existing social conflicts or create new ones, particularly among groups defined by racial, religious, or ethnic lines. What is the significance of understanding the different courses of Understanding that each family member may have a unique recovery among family members? experience and recovery process promotes better communication and support, which can help reduce conflicts and facilitate healing within the family unit. How can previously resolved social conflicts resurface after a Social conflicts that were previously addressed may re-surface as disaster? individuals and communities prioritize resources and recovery efforts post-disaster, especially if underlying tensions related to race, religion, or ethnicity are triggered by the crisis. According to Geoscience Australia, what do elements at risk refer Elements at risk refer to the components that could be affected to? by natural or man-made hazard events, encompassing both human populations and critical infrastructures that need protection from such hazards. What is the definition of vulnerability according to the Vulnerability is defined as the diminished capacity of an individual International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society? or group to anticipate, cope, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard. How does the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) The UNDRR defines vulnerability as the characteristics and define vulnerability? circumstances of a community, system, or assets that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. What does the term 'vulnerability' signify in the context of natural In the context of natural hazards, 'vulnerability' signifies the extent hazards? to which an individual or group is exposed to these phenomena and their ability to cope, which can lead to damage or harm. Question Answer Is vulnerability situation-specific and hazard-specific? Yes, vulnerability is situation-specific and hazard-specific, meaning it varies based on the circumstances and the nature of the hazard involved. How much of a country's land area may be vulnerable to natural At least 60% of the country's total land area, nearly 300,000 hazards, according to the text? square kilometers (or 116,000 square miles), is mentioned as vulnerable to natural hazards. What geographical features contribute to a country's vulnerability The country's vulnerability to natural hazards is largely due to its to natural hazards as described in the text? location along the path of tropical storms brewing in the western Pacific and its position on the Ring of Fire. What factors determine people's level of vulnerability? People's level of vulnerability is determined by physical, economic, social, and political factors. What is the impact of physical factors on vulnerability? Physical factors refer to the geographical and environmental conditions, such as terrain, climate, and urban infrastructure, which can influence how susceptible a population is to hazards. How do economic factors affect vulnerability? Economic factors can affect vulnerability by determining the resources available for risk management, recovery, and resilience, influencing a community's ability to cope with hazards. In what ways do social factors contribute to vulnerability? Social factors contribute to vulnerability through aspects such as the community's cohesion, education levels, access to information, and the presence of social networks that can support recovery. What role do political factors play in vulnerability? Political factors play a role in vulnerability by influencing policies, governance, and the allocation of resources for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. What is vulnerability in the context of hazards? Vulnerability refers to the extent of capacity to resist, cope with, and recover from hazards. It encompasses the ability of individuals or communities to absorb impacts from hazards and their overall resilience. How does poverty contribute to vulnerability? Poverty is a major contributor to vulnerability as poor people are more likely to live and work in areas that are exposed to potential hazards. They typically lack the resources needed to cope with disasters, making them more susceptible to the impacts of hazards. What are the characteristics of wealthier countries in relation to Wealthier countries tend to have a greater capacity to resist the hazard impact? impacts of hazards. They are typically better protected from hazards and have established preparedness systems in place. Secure livelihoods and higher incomes enhance resilience, allowing for quicker recovery from hazards. How does resilience relate to secure livelihoods and higher Resilience is enhanced by secure livelihoods and higher income? incomes, as these factors increase an individual's or community's ability to recover more quickly from hazards, thereby minimizing the impact of disasters on their lives. What does situation-specific and hazard-specific vulnerability Vulnerability is situation-specific when it varies based on the mean? specific social, economic, and environmental conditions of a community. It is hazard-specific when it is determined by the characteristics of the specific hazard faced, such as earthquakes, floods, or other environmental threats. Who are displaced populations in the context of vulnerability? Displaced populations are individuals who leave their residences collectively, usually due to sudden impact disasters such as earthquakes or floods, threats, or conflict. They do so as a coping mechanism, with the intent to return to their homes. Question Answer What defines migrants in terms of vulnerability? Migrants are individuals who leave or flee their homes, often in search of safety, better living conditions, or economic opportunities. Their vulnerability is also linked to their ability to adapt to new environments and access resources. What are 'returnees' in the context of migration? Former migrants or displaced people who are returning to their homes after having lived abroad or in other regions. List specific vulnerable groups mentioned in the text. 1. Marginalized people 2. Excluded people 3. Destitute people 4. Young children 5. Pregnant and nursing women 6. Unaccompanied children 7. Widows 8. Elderly people without family support 9. Disabled persons. What dimensions are affected when a disaster strikes? The social, environmental, and economic dimensions of exposure and vulnerability are affected. What kind of losses are reported immediately after a disaster? Casualties such as deaths, missing persons, injured individuals, and property losses and damages are reported in tri-media. What are the long-term consequences of disasters as described The long-term consequences include effects that cannot be in the text? easily measured or quantified, categorized under social, environmental, and economic dimensions. What is the definition of 'social' dimension in the context of The social dimension covers a wide range of concerns including disaster impact? migration patterns and the effects on various social groups. What are tangible losses in the context of a disaster? Tangible losses refer to measurable losses such as property damages, loss of infrastructure, and other physical assets. What are intangible losses in the context of a disaster? Intangible losses include emotional distress, loss of community cohesion, and psychological impacts that are not easily quantified. Why is it important to consider social, environmental, and These dimensions provide a more comprehensive understanding economic dimensions after a disaster? of the disaster's impact beyond immediate casualties and property damage, addressing long-term recovery and support needs. Who are the elderly people classified as vulnerable in this Elderly people without family support are considered a vulnerable context? group, especially in disaster situations where they may require additional assistance. What aspects contribute to health and well-being in demography? Health and well-being are influenced by various factors including education, culture, institutions, and governance. However, demography is highlighted as a key aspect, which relates to the characteristics of the population such as age, gender, and density. How do population density maps serve as indicators? Population density maps are effective indicators of exposure and vulnerability, as they visually represent where population clusters are located, thus highlighting areas that may be at higher risk from hazards or disasters. What are the two main components of environmental exposure The two main components of environmental exposure and and vulnerability? vulnerability are the physical aspects of exposure, which refer to location relative to hazards, and built structures that may increase or decrease risk. List the essential facilities that are critical in the context of 1. Educational facilities exposure to hazards. 2. Medical and healthcare facilities (hospitals and clinics) 3. Emergency response facilities (fire stations, police stations, shelters) 4. Government offices 5. Recreational or tourist facilities (hotels, resorts, parks, public gardens, camping grounds, sporting areas) 6. Places of worship (churches or mosques) 7. Banks and financial centers 8. Markets and shopping centers 9. Cemeteries Question Answer What features define Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities? Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities are characterized by the presence of hazardous materials and include structures that could potentially lose or harm significant resources or cause danger to the surrounding areas. Provide examples of Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities. Examples of Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities include: 1. Dams and ponds 2. Fuel reservoirs, pipelines, and pumps. Why are essential facilities crucial in assessing vulnerability? Essential facilities are crucial in assessing vulnerability because they provide critical services and support during emergencies, and their loss or damage can significantly impact a community's response and recovery capabilities. What role does governance play in health and well-being Governance plays a pivotal role in shaping health and well-being demographics? demographics by influencing policies, resource allocation, and the implementation of programs that affect access to health, education, and community support. In what ways do cultural factors influence health and well-being? Cultural factors influence health and well-being through beliefs, practices, and social norms that affect health behaviors, dietary practices, family structure, and community support systems. How does economic status affect exposure to hazards? Economic status affects exposure to hazards as lower-income individuals may reside in more vulnerable areas with less access to resources and poorer infrastructure, making them more susceptible to the impacts of disasters. What is the significance of recreational facilities in the context of Recreational facilities play a significant role in community community resilience? resilience by providing spaces for social interaction, mental health benefits, and physical activities that can enhance community cohesion and overall well-being. Define the terms 'exposure' and 'vulnerability' in the context of Exposure refers to the degree to which people, property, and environmental hazards. infrastructure are at risk due to environmental hazards. Vulnerability encompasses the susceptibility of a population or structure to sustain harm from those hazards, which can be influenced by a variety of social, cultural, and economic factors. What is an example of a built structure that may mitigate An example of a built structure that may mitigate vulnerability to vulnerability to hazards? hazards is a flood-resistant levee or a seismic retrofitted building, designed to withstand natural disasters and reduce potential damage. How can emergency response facilities influence community Emergency response facilities influence community resilience by resilience? ensuring rapid response to crises, providing vital services during emergencies, and facilitating recovery efforts, thus minimizing the overall impact of hazards on the community. What are the components of power generating plants and lines? Power generating plants and lines include the infrastructure and systems designed to generate, transmit, and distribute electric power to consumers. What are multi-purpose hydropower plants and their functions? Multi-purpose hydropower plants generate electricity while also providing water storage for various uses, such as irrigation, flood control, and recreation. What types of food processing facilities exist? Food processing facilities are establishments where raw food ingredients are transformed into food products through various processes, including cooking, freezing, and packaging. What constitutes transportation lifelines? Transportation lifelines include highways, bridges, railway tracks, tunnels, bus facilities, ports, harbors, and airport facilities, which provide critical connectivity and mobility. Question Answer What are the main components of utility lifelines? Utility lifelines consist of potable water facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, oil and natural gas systems, electric power facilities, communication facilities, and their respective pipelines and distribution lines. Define 'exposure' in the context of disaster preparedness. Exposure refers to the state of being subjected to potential hazards, including the likelihood of a disaster event impacting a geographical area or population. Define 'vulnerability' in the context of disaster preparedness. Vulnerability is the degree to which a system, community, or individual is likely to experience harm due to the impact of a hazard event, considering factors such as susceptibility, resilience, and preparedness. What factors enhance exposure and vulnerability in a specific Factors that enhance exposure and vulnerability include proximity area? to a hazard event, population density near the event, and the capacity or resilience of the infrastructure and community to withstand the event. How can we assess the level of vulnerability of an area? The level of vulnerability can be assessed by evaluating proximity to hazard events, population density near those events, and the overall capacity of the infrastructure to handle such situations. What is the significance of knowing the damage an event may Understanding potential damage helps in disaster preparedness, bring? allowing authorities and communities to develop appropriate responses, mitigation strategies, and resource allocations. How can assessing vulnerability alert us for preparedness in Quantifying vulnerability provides insights into the areas most at disaster situations? risk and informs decision-makers on necessary preparedness measures, resource distribution, and disaster response planning. What are the categories of vulnerability in disaster risk 1. Physical Material Vulnerability: Refers to the vulnerability of assessment? structures and physical elements to hazards. 2. Social Organization Vulnerability: Concerns the vulnerabilities related to social systems and networks. 3. Attitudinal Motivational Vulnerability: Involves how people's attitudes and motivations can affect their ability to respond to disasters. What is the first step in disaster risk assessment? The first step in disaster risk assessment is to identify the hazard. What is the second step in disaster risk assessment? The second step is to identify who and what are exposed to hazards. This includes three elements: a. Physical Elements: Such as houses, buildings, and public infrastructures. b. Social Elements: Activities including going to school, reporting to work, and social gatherings. c. Economic Elements: Involving the transportation of economic goods and major commercial hubs. What are the environmental elements considered in disaster risk The environmental elements include the exposure of people, assessment? animals, and drinking water. What is the third step in disaster risk assessment? The third step is to determine the vulnerability of the exposed elements. What is the difference between exposure and vulnerability in the Exposure refers to the presence of people and assets in areas context of disaster risk assessment? prone to hazards, while vulnerability refers to the degree of susceptibility that these elements have to harm when exposed to hazards. A community can be exposed to hazards but may not necessarily be vulnerable. How can we reduce exposure in disaster risk management? Reduction of exposure can involve strategies such as relocating people and assets away from high-risk areas, implementing zoning laws that prevent construction in vulnerable zones, and enhancing disaster preparedness education. Question Answer What trends are observed regarding economic exposure in high- Economic exposure in high-hazard areas is trending upwards, hazard areas? indicating that more economic activities are being placed at risk due to increasing construction and habitation in these zones. What is the key action needed to address increasing disaster We need to act now to reduce exposure and build capacity and risk? resilience in areas with growing exposure. What should land use planning and location decisions be Land use planning and location decisions must be accompanied accompanied by? by other structural or non-structural methods for preventing or mitigating risk. What was a crucial strategy to save lives during the Boxing Day The only possible strategy to save lives would have been to 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? reduce exposure through timely evacuation, which depends on reliable early warning systems and effective preparedness planning. What are some methods for compensating for loss during Compensation for loss can be achieved through insurance and disasters? other risk financing instruments. How can we lessen the vulnerability to natural hazards? Since we cannot reduce the occurrence and severity of natural hazards, reducing vulnerability is a key opportunity to reduce disaster risk. Why does vulnerability change over time? Vulnerability changes over time because many processes that influence it evolve, including social, environmental, and economic factors. What are structural methods in disaster risk management? Structural methods refer to physical measures, such as building levees or flood defenses, that aim to prevent or mitigate the impact of natural disasters. What are non-structural methods in disaster risk management? Non-structural methods include policies, education, and community engagement aimed at reducing disaster risk without physical construction. What role do early warning systems play in disaster Early warning systems are crucial for timely evacuation and preparedness? response, helping to save lives during disaster events. What factors contribute to increasing exposure to natural Factors contributing to increasing exposure include urbanization, disasters? climate change, environmental degradation, and population growth. What is the relationship between disaster risk management and Effective disaster risk management builds resilience by reducing resilience? vulnerability and improving capacity to respond to and recover from disasters. What are examples of risk financing instruments? Examples of risk financing instruments include insurance policies, catastrophe bonds, and government disaster funds. How does preparedness planning influence disaster response? Preparedness planning involves training and resources that enhance community ability to respond effectively to disasters, reducing the impact. What are the potential outcomes of failing to reduce disaster risk? Failing to reduce disaster risk can lead to greater loss of life, economic damage, and increased strain on recovery efforts. Why is building capacity essential in disaster risk reduction? Building capacity is essential because it equips communities and organizations with the skills and resources needed to effectively manage disaster risks. What are the dynamic factors contributing to vulnerability? Dynamic factors contributing to vulnerability include rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, market conditions, and demographic change. Why is it important to acknowledge national and global structures It is important to acknowledge national and global socio- when discussing local vulnerability? economic and political structures because they constrain local development opportunities and provide a broader context for understanding vulnerability. Question Answer What should accompany land use planning and location Land use planning and location decisions must be accompanied decisions to mitigate risk? by other structural or non-structural methods for preventing or mitigating risk. How does reducing vulnerability relate to disaster risk? Reducing vulnerability is considered one of the main opportunities for reducing disaster risk, as it addresses the underlying factors that increase susceptibility to harm. What is the nature of vulnerability over time? Vulnerability changes over time because the processes that influence it are dynamic and continuously evolving. What are some approaches to vulnerability reduction? Some approaches to vulnerability reduction include: 1. Implementing building codes 2. Insurance and social protection risk 3. Emphasizing economic diversity and resilient livelihoods 4. Knowledge and awareness-raising 5. Preparedness measures. What is the purpose of implementing building codes in the Implementing building codes aims to ensure that structures are context of vulnerability reduction? designed and constructed to withstand hazards, thereby reducing the risk of damage and harm during disasters. How does insurance and social protection relate to vulnerability Insurance and social protection measures help offset the reduction? financial losses from disasters, providing a safety net that can reduce the overall vulnerability of affected populations. Why is economic diversity important for reducing vulnerability? Economic diversity is important because it allows communities to be less dependent on a single source of income or resource, making them more resilient to economic shocks and disasters. What role does knowledge and awareness-raising play in Knowledge and awareness-raising empower communities with vulnerability reduction? information about risks and prevention strategies, enabling them to better prepare for and respond to disasters. What are preparedness measures in the context of disaster risk? Preparedness measures include planning, training, and organizing resources to effectively respond to disasters when they occur, thereby minimizing impacts and facilitating recovery. What are physical hazards? Physical hazards are tangible elements or conditions that can be visually seen and pose risks to health and safety. They include factors such as body stressing, confined spaces, electricity, heat, heights, noise, and vibration. What does body stressing refer to? Body stressing is a collective term that encompasses a wide range of health problems resulting from repetitive and strenuous work. It can lead to various injuries and conditions affecting the body's musculoskeletal system. How does the COVID-19 pandemic relate to physical hazards for During the COVID-19 pandemic, health workers faced numerous health workers? physical hazards, including exposure to pathogens (like the COVID-19 virus), long working hours, psychological distress, fatigue, occupational burnout, stigma, and both physical and psychological violence. What are some specific hazards faced by health workers during Health workers are at risk of several hazards during an outbreak, an outbreak response? including pathogen exposure, long working hours leading to fatigue, psychological distress, occupational burnout, societal stigma, and potential physical and psychological violence. What are some examples of physical hazards in the construction In the construction industry, physical hazards include exposure to industry? materials like cement, which can cause respiratory issues (e.g., cement dermatitis), awkward postures from lifting and carrying heavy loads, and risks associated with working at heights. What is the significance of understanding physical hazards in Understanding physical hazards is crucial for occupational health occupational health? as it helps to identify risks, implement safety measures, and promote employee well-being in various work environments. What types of issues do body stressing injuries lead to? Body stressing injuries can lead to musculoskeletal disorders, chronic pain, fatigue, decreased productivity, and may require medical intervention or rehabilitation. Question Answer List some working conditions associated with body stressing. Working conditions associated with body stressing include repetitive movements, lifting heavy objects, awkward postures, and prolonged sedentary positions. How do environmental factors contribute to physical hazards? Environmental factors such as noise, vibration, extreme temperatures, and poor lighting can exacerbate physical hazards in the workplace, leading to a higher risk of injury or health issues. What are the common health hazards faced by electricians? Electricians face several health hazards including exposure to heavy metals in solder fumes, awkward postures during work, heavy loads that can lead to musculoskeletal injuries, and the potential exposure to asbestos. What types of hazards do painters encounter in their work Painters are exposed to solvent vapors, which can be toxic, as environment? well as toxic metals found in pigments and paint additives, posing risks to their respiratory health and overall well-being. What are the risks associated with carpet laying? Carpet layers commonly face risks related to awkward postures and knee trauma due to kneeling for extended periods. They also experience potential exposure to glue and glue vapor, which can have toxic effects. What health risks do insulation roofers face? Insulation roofers work under hazardous conditions that include exposure to awkward postures that can lead to injury, as well as exposure to asbestos and synthetic fibers that can cause respiratory issues. What hazards are carpenters commonly exposed to? Carpenters face a variety of health hazards including exposure to noise, awkward postures which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders, and repetitive motion injuries from their work practices. What are socio-economic elements in the context of community Socio-economic elements refer to the institutional and well-being and lifestyle? governmental systems that shape the well-being and lifestyle of communities. These elements include factors like income, education, and employment opportunities. How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected socio-economic The COVID-19 pandemic has been recognized as a significant conditions? hazard to the economy, impacting societies at their core. It is expected to increase poverty and inequalities globally, affecting different countries in varying ways. What does the UN's Framework for the Immediate Socio- The framework emphasizes that the COVID-19 pandemic is not Economic Response to the COVID-19 Crisis emphasize? merely a health crisis; it poses profound implications for social and economic structures, affecting poverty levels and exacerbating existing inequalities. What general trends can be observed in the impact of COVID-19 While the impact of COVID-19 will differ among countries, it is across different countries? anticipated that most will experience a rise in poverty and social inequalities, as well as disruptions to their economic stability and growth. What does SDG stand for and why is its achievement considered SDG stands for Sustainable Development Goals. The urgent? achievement of the SDGs is considered urgent due to the increasing challenges posed by various socioeconomic factors, environmental degradation, and the need for inclusive development that addresses poverty, inequality, and climate change. What were the consequences of President Rodrigo Duterte's war The war on drugs has led to thousands of deaths, primarily on drugs in the Philippines? affecting impoverished urban communities. It includes extrajudicial killings perpetrated by police, impacting not only loss of life but also damaging livelihoods, education, and mental health for surviving family members. List some key environmental elements exposed to hazard events. Key environmental elements include: a. Pollution b. Global Warming c. Deforestation d. Soil Erosion. Question Answer What is meant by 'CAPACITY' in the context of disaster risk Capacity refers to a combination of strengths and resources reduction? available within a community, society, or organization that can aid in reducing the level of risk or the effects of a disaster. Explain the impact of extrajudicial killings on families and Extrajudicial killings contribute to the trauma and grief in families, communities. disrupt community cohesion, lead to fear and insecurity, affect mental health, and hinder educational and economic opportunities for surviving members. How does pollution act as a hazard to ecosystems? Pollution can degrade air, water, and soil quality, harming wildlife and disrupting ecosystems. It can lead to loss of biodiversity and can have long-term effects on human health and the environment. Describe the effects of global warming related to natural Global warming contributes to climate change, leading to disasters. increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which can cause significant damage to communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Identify the main causes of deforestation. Main causes of deforestation include agricultural expansion, logging, infrastructure development, and urbanization, which reduce biodiversity and disrupt carbon storage and water cycles. What are the potential consequences of soil erosion? Soil erosion can lead to the loss of fertile land, reduced agricultural productivity, increased sedimentation in waterways, degradation of water quality, and heightened vulnerability to flooding. In what ways can communities enhance their capacity to manage Communities can enhance capacity by investing in education and disaster risks? training, developing emergency response plans, improving infrastructure resilience, fostering strong social networks, and ensuring access to resources and technology. What does capacity encompass in terms of societal Capacity encompasses infrastructure and physical means, development? institutions, societal coping abilities, human knowledge, skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership, and management. It can also be described as capability. Define capacity develop